Glide Line Dressing will help you shoot fly line with greater ease. It can be used on all types of fly line and protects lines so they?ll perform better and last longer. Glide dries with a hard, slick finish that will not accumulate unwanted debris. 1 oz.
White River Fly Shop’s CV2 Fly Line is the ideal all-purpose line for performance-oriented fly fishers at an unbelievably low price. Offering superb casting qualities and shootability, our CV2 Fly Line mends well, floats high, picks up smoothly and is abrasion resistant. Color: Light Green. Length: 90′.
Rio?s AquaLux Fly Line is a must have for every angler serious about fly fishing lakes. This high-quality sinking line features an intermediate sink rate of 1.5 ? 2 inches per second, making it ideal for subsurface fishing or shallow shore lines. AquaLux excels when going stealth is required because it?s engineered with proprietary lubricants incorporated into the running line coating to ensure smooth, effortless casts. Sporting a translucent green running line and a completely clear head, this low memory line is designed with a supple monofilament core with a coldwater coating and welded loop on the front end. Length: 100?. Color: Clear Head with Green Tint Running Line.
Rio’s high-performing MainStream Saltwater Fly Line is an all-purpose saltwater fly line perfectly suited for fly fishers fishing in temperate-to-tropical conditions for multiple species. This weight-forward floating fly line features a hard tropical coating that will not soften in the harsh tropical heat. Rio’s MainStream Saltwater Fly Line is designed similar to the Rio Clouser line where a reverse compound taper and bullet front taper allows anglers to effortlessly turn over big, heavy flies into the wind. Length: 90′. Color: Light Blue.
Perfect for any beginner, this high-quality Hobbs Creek Fly Line is incredibly responsive and very forgiving. Constructed with a super slick surface coating for longer more accurate casts and to protect against abrasion, this weight forward line delivers large flies through wind with ease. The fluorescent yellow color is easily visible to your eye, but not the fish. Length: 82′.
Rio?s Classic Fly Line is an all-purpose trout line designed with a unique taper for superior casting and handling. The supple, self-lubricating coldwater coating provides for smoothing casting as well as turnover and deliver where shorter casts and accuracy are crucial. Front taper improves presentation even in harsh conditions. Color: Yellow. Length: 82′.
Cortland?s Fairplay Sinking Fly Line excels in nearly every fly fishing situation and is priced to fit within every fly fisher?s budget. This full length fly line is an absolute delight to cast and features the advanced Fairplay formulation for maximum shootabilty and durability. Very dependable, and a fast sink rate of 3.5 to 4 inches per second. Length: 30 yards. Color: Dark Brown.
Designed for casting indicator rigs Thick tip and short front taper turn over indicators of any size Easy to mend even at a distance Extreme Slickness Technology AgentX and Super Flotation Technologies DualTone coloration Welded loop on both ends Highly visible tip for Czech nymphing RIO Indicator Fly Line is specially designed for casting indicator rigs. The thick tip and short front taper turn over indicators of any size, yet you?ll find it easy to mend even at a distance. Features include Extreme Slickness Technology; AgentX and Super Flotation Technologies; DualTone coloration; welded loop on both ends; highly visible tip for Czech nymphing. Includes a free indicator leader. Color: Gray Dun/Bright Green. Length: WF4F?WF5F: 90′, WF6F?WF7F: 100′.
Rio’s MainStream Floating Fly Line features a compact taper design that concentrates the weight at the front of the line to let the rod unload easily for optimal rod performance at normal casting ranges. This high-quality floating fly line offers a supple self-lubricating coating that remains memory-free in cold water. Rio MainStream is a great line for instilling the necessary confidence a beginner needs to make a high-pressured cast. Color: Lemon Green. Length: 82′.
Flambeau?s Compartment Fly Box is the companion fly box to their popular Slim Line Fly Box. Divided into ten compartments, the Compartment Fly Box is excellent for clustering your favorite small patterns. Plus, the clear color lets you easily locate your next fly pattern. Size: 7.25” x 3.25” x 0.75”. Flambeau? Slim Line Fly Box sold separately and can be found through item search for item number 38-431-171-05
Scientific Anglers Mastery GPX Fly Line is the ultimate all-purpose fly line. Equipped with a taper designed to handle a wide spectrum of flies and conditions, the Mastery GPX Fly Line features a braided multifilament nylon with optimum air entrapment for minimum memory and maximum flotation. Color: Optic Green. Length: 95′.
Every home lawn enthusiast needs a reliable trimmer. When it comes to performance in the front or back yard, the Grass Hog 14-inch automatic feed string trimmer and edger provides what you need. This tool is powered by a 4.8 Amp electric motor that spins the line at 9,500 rpm and gives you a 14-inch cutting swath. An Automatic Feed Spool (AFS) system eliminates the need to bump the trimmer against…
The Black & Decker Hedge Hog dual action hedge trimmer with extra long blades is especially useful on taller and wider hedges and shrubs, with an inline motor design which delivers improved balance, control and precision. Using a patented blade design, this tool is strong enough to cut through branches up to 3/4 inch thick and offers dual action (both blades move) for faster cutting and 40 percent…
Lightweight, easy-to-operate, and able to get into even the tightest areas with ease, this cordless electric chain saw from Black & Decker handles both soft and hard wood measuring up to eight inches in diameter. Powered by one 18-volt battery (included), the #CCS818 is ideal for general yard work, pruning trees, or helping to clear fallen branches. On a single charge, this saw can make up to 150 …
Deluxe edition includes bonus DVD featuring 8 exclusive studio performances.
Track listing:
1. Rose Garden
2. Who I Am
3. Olive & An Arrow
4. Conspiracy Theory
5. In The End
6. Last Time Around
7. Tonight
8. State of Emergency
9. Vesper’s Goodbye
10. Stronger (Back On The Ground)
Bonus DVD
1. Rose Garden
2. Who I Am
3. Olive & An Arrow
4. Conspiracy Theory
5. In The End
6. Last Time Around
7. Ton…
All Wrapped Up, Vol. 2 includes brand new holiday songs from the Jonas Brothers, Selena Gomez, Jesse McCartney, Honor Society and more!
Track listing:
1. Jordan Pruitt – This Christmas
2. Jesse McCartney – Please Come Home For Christmas
3. Jonas Brothers – Summertime Anthem
4. Honor Society – White Christmas
5. Selena Gomez & The Scene – Winter Wonderland
6. Steve Rushton – Gotta Get Back By Chris…
Fly Fishing, Fly Dream
Hooray! The festive Middle Autumn Day is around the corner and I finally have chance to realize my dream, that is to say, travelling to the sea and going angling. You know, I’m a new graduate longing to watch the expansive sea and crazy about fishing. What’s more it’s first time for me to come to Shenzhen, an amazing coastal city and I have been busy working for two months. So needless to say, I badly need to spoil myself and enjoy the fabulous sea and fantastic fishing to my heart’s content. By the way, I haven’t relished in fly fishing for a long time and I do miss the exhilarating time I felt at ease while fishing.
Well, for your information, fly fishing is a distinct and ancient angling method which uses artificial flies that are cast with a special fishing rod and line. Fly fishing can be done in fresh or salt water. Freshwater fishing is often divided into coldwater (trout, salmon, steelhead), cool water (pike, perch, walleye), and warm water (bass, chub, catfish) fishing. The techniques for freshwater fly fishing also differ in lakes, streams and rivers. Yep, that’s sort of confusing and so to speak, fishing is also kind of art thing. And fly fishing is really exciting and cool. Additionally, in fly fishing, fish are caught by using artificial flies that are cast with a fly rod and a fly line. The fly line (today, almost always coated with plastic) is heavy enough in order to send the fly to the target. This is one of the main differences between fly fishing and spin or bait fishing; in fly fishing it is the weight of the line that propels the bait through the air, whereas in spin and bait fishing it is the weight of the lure that gives you casting distance. Artificial flies can vary dramatically in all morphological characteristics (size, weight, color, etc.).
Artificial flies are created by tying hair, fur, feathers, or other materials, both natural and synthetic, onto a hook with thread. The first flies were tied with natural materials, but synthetic materials are now very popular and prevalent. The flies are tied in sizes, colors and patterns to match local terrestrial and aquatic insects, baitfish, or other prey attractive to the target fish species.
Of course, I look forward to the big day and I have prepared everything for the travel. To be specific, I have bought the necessary fishing apparel and other fly fishing accessories and all the more I have taken part in a travel group fond of amazing sea and fishing like me. You can imagine how happy and excited I am and maybe you also wanna join us. Anyway, if you have an interest, you are more welcome to our team.
Glide Line Dressing will help you shoot fly line with greater ease. It can be used on all types of fly line and protects lines so they?ll perform better and last longer. Glide dries with a hard, slick finish that will not accumulate unwanted debris. 1 oz.
Rio?s AquaLux Fly Line is a must have for every angler serious about fly fishing lakes. This high-quality sinking line features an intermediate sink rate of 1.5 ? 2 inches per second, making it ideal for subsurface fishing or shallow shore lines. AquaLux excels when going stealth is required because it?s engineered with proprietary lubricants incorporated into the running line coating to ensure smooth, effortless casts. Sporting a translucent green running line and a completely clear head, this low memory line is designed with a supple monofilament core with a coldwater coating and welded loop on the front end. Length: 100?. Color: Clear Head with Green Tint Running Line.
White River Fly Shop’s CV2 Fly Line is the ideal all-purpose line for performance-oriented fly fishers at an unbelievably low price. Offering superb casting qualities and shootability, our CV2 Fly Line mends well, floats high, picks up smoothly and is abrasion resistant. Color: Light Green. Length: 90′.
Perfect for any beginner, this high-quality Hobbs Creek Fly Line is incredibly responsive and very forgiving. Constructed with a super slick surface coating for longer more accurate casts and to protect against abrasion, this weight forward line delivers large flies through wind with ease. The fluorescent yellow color is easily visible to your eye, but not the fish. Length: 82′.
Rio?s Classic Fly Line is an all-purpose trout line designed with a unique taper for superior casting and handling. The supple, self-lubricating coldwater coating provides for smoothing casting as well as turnover and deliver where shorter casts and accuracy are crucial. Front taper improves presentation even in harsh conditions. Color: Yellow. Length: 82′.
Rio’s high-performing MainStream Saltwater Fly Line is an all-purpose saltwater fly line perfectly suited for fly fishers fishing in temperate-to-tropical conditions for multiple species. This weight-forward floating fly line features a hard tropical coating that will not soften in the harsh tropical heat. Rio’s MainStream Saltwater Fly Line is designed similar to the Rio Clouser line where a reverse compound taper and bullet front taper allows anglers to effortlessly turn over big, heavy flies into the wind. Length: 90′. Color: Light Blue.
Cortland?s Fairplay Sinking Fly Line excels in nearly every fly fishing situation and is priced to fit within every fly fisher?s budget. This full length fly line is an absolute delight to cast and features the advanced Fairplay formulation for maximum shootabilty and durability. Very dependable, and a fast sink rate of 3.5 to 4 inches per second. Length: 30 yards. Color: Dark Brown.
Rio’s MainStream Floating Fly Line features a compact taper design that concentrates the weight at the front of the line to let the rod unload easily for optimal rod performance at normal casting ranges. This high-quality floating fly line offers a supple self-lubricating coating that remains memory-free in cold water. Rio MainStream is a great line for instilling the necessary confidence a beginner needs to make a high-pressured cast. Color: Lemon Green. Length: 82′.
Designed for casting indicator rigs Thick tip and short front taper turn over indicators of any size Easy to mend even at a distance Extreme Slickness Technology AgentX and Super Flotation Technologies DualTone coloration Welded loop on both ends Highly visible tip for Czech nymphing RIO Indicator Fly Line is specially designed for casting indicator rigs. The thick tip and short front taper turn over indicators of any size, yet you?ll find it easy to mend even at a distance. Features include Extreme Slickness Technology; AgentX and Super Flotation Technologies; DualTone coloration; welded loop on both ends; highly visible tip for Czech nymphing. Includes a free indicator leader. Color: Gray Dun/Bright Green. Length: WF4F?WF5F: 90′, WF6F?WF7F: 100′.
Rio’s Coldwater Clouser Fly Line is the first choice for anglers casting poppers, streamers, or Clouser Minnows. This slick shooting Coldwater Clouser Fly Line delicately delivers oversized, wind-resistant flies with precise accuracy and ease. Built with an abrasion-resistant coldwater coating on a multifilament core, the high-performing Clouser line is designed with an innovative reverse compound taper and an aggressive bullet-shaped front taper, so energy is smoothly transferred when casting heavily weighted flies. Specially treated with Rio’s Agent X to ensure maximum buoyancy and low-memory, this line offers a welded loop on the tip for quick leader changes. Length 100?; Color: Chartreuse.
The Rio Bonefish Saltwater Fly Line features a unique taper design that allows a rod to load at close range, a medium-length front taper for great turnover and a long back taper to smooth out the casting loop and keep the line stable on long shots. A hard, saltwater coating over a medium stiff core results in a fly line that will not wilt in most tropical conditions while the AgentX? undercoat produces a line that floats higher than competitors? lines and is easier to pick up off the water. The contrasting color of the running line makes it easy to find the line’s perfect loading point. The welded loop at both ends makes rigging easier. Color: Sand head with blue running line. Length: 100′.
Hard Disk Drive
History
Main article: History of hard disk drives
HDDs (introduced in 1956 as data storage for an IBM accounting computer) were originally developed for use with general purpose computers. During the 1990s, the need for large-scale, reliable storage, independent of a particular device, led to the introduction of embedded systems such as RAIDs, network attached storage (NAS) systems, and storage area network (SAN) systems that provide efficient and reliable access to large volumes of data. In the 21st century, HDD usage expanded into consumer applications such as camcorders, cellphones (e.g. the Nokia N91), digital audio players, digital video players, digital video recorders, personal digital assistants and video game consoles.
Technology
Diagram of a computer hard disk drive
HDDs record data by magnetizing ferromagnetic material directionally, to represent either a 0 or a 1 binary digit. They read the data back by detecting the magnetization of the material. A typical HDD design consists of a spindle that holds one or more flat circular disks called platters, onto which the data are recorded. The platters are made from a non-magnetic material, usually aluminum alloy or glass, and are coated with a thin layer of magnetic material, typically 1020 nm in thickness for reference, standard copy paper may be between 0.07 millimetres (70,000 nm) and 0.18 millimetres (180,000 nm) thick. with an outer layer of carbon for protection. Older disks used iron(III) oxide as the magnetic material, but current disks use a cobalt-based alloy.[citation needed]
A cross section of the magnetic surface in action. In this case the binary data are encoded using frequency modulation.
The platters are spun at very high speeds. Information is written to a platter as it rotates past devices called read-and-write heads that operate very close (tens of nanometers in new drives) over the magnetic surface. The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material immediately under it. There is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm (or access arm) moves the heads on an arc (roughly radially) across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it spins. The arm is moved using a voice coil actuator or in some older designs a stepper motor.
The magnetic surface of each platter is conceptually divided into many small sub-micrometre-sized magnetic regions, each of which is used to encode a single binary unit of information. Initially the regions were oriented horizontally, but beginning about 2005, the orientation was changed to perpendicular. Due to the polycrystalline nature of the magnetic material each of these magnetic regions is composed of a few hundred magnetic grains. Magnetic grains are typically 10 nm in size and each form a single magnetic domain. Each magnetic region in total forms a magnetic dipole which generates a highly localized magnetic field nearby. A write head magnetizes a region by generating a strong local magnetic field. Early HDDs used an electromagnet both to magnetize the region and to then read its magnetic field by using electromagnetic induction. Later versions of inductive heads included metal in Gap (MIG) heads and thin film heads. As data density increased, read heads using magnetoresistance (MR) came into use; the electrical resistance of the head changed according to the strength of the magnetism from the platter. Later development made use of spintronics; in these heads, the magnetoresistive effect was much greater than in earlier types, and was dubbed “giant” magnetoresistance (GMR). In today’s heads, the read and write elements are separate, but in close proximity, on the head portion of an actuator arm. The read element is typically magneto-resistive while the write element is typically thin-film inductive.
HD heads are kept from contacting the platter surface by the air that is extremely close to the platter; that air moves at, or close to, the platter speed.[citation needed] The record and playback head are mounted on a block called a slider, and the surface next to the platter is shaped to keep it just barely out of contact. It’s a type of air bearing.
In modern drives, the small size of the magnetic regions creates the danger that their magnetic state might be lost because of thermal effects. To counter this, the platters are coated with two parallel magnetic layers, separated by a 3-atom-thick layer of the non-magnetic element ruthenium, and the two layers are magnetized in opposite orientation, thus reinforcing each other. Another technology used to overcome thermal effects to allow greater recording densities is perpendicular recording, first shipped in 2005, and as of 2007 the technology was used in many HDDs.
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. (December 2009)
The grain boundaries turn out to be very important in HDD design. The grains are very small and close to each other, so the coupling between adjacent grains is very strong. When one grain is magnetized, the adjacent grains tend to be aligned parallel to it or demagnetized. Then both the stability of the data and signal-to-noise ratio will be sabotaged. A clear grain boundary can weaken the coupling of the grains and subsequently increase the signal-to-noise ratio. In longitudinal recording, the single-domain grains have uniaxial anisotropy with easy axes lying in the film plane. The consequence of this arrangement is that adjacent magnets repel each other. Therefore the magnetostatic energy is so large that it is difficult to increase areal density. Perpendicular recording media, on the other hand, has the easy axis of the grains oriented perpendicular to the disk plane. Adjacent magnets attract to each other and magnetostatic energy are much lower. So, much higher areal density can be achieved in perpendicular recording. Another unique feature in perpendicular recording is that a soft magnetic underlayer are incorporated into the recording disk. This underlayer is used to conduct writing magnetic flux so that the writing is more efficient. This will be discussed in writing process. Therefore, a higher anisotropy medium film, such as L10-FePt and rare-earth magnets, can be used.
Error handling
Modern drives also make extensive use of Error Correcting Codes (ECCs), particularly Reedolomon error correction. These techniques store extra bits for each block of data that are determined by mathematical formulae. The extra bits allow many errors to be fixed. While these extra bits take up space on the hard drive, they allow higher recording densities to be employed, resulting in much larger storage capacity for user data. In 2009, in the newest drives, low-density parity-check codes (LDPC) are supplanting Reed-Solomon. LDPC codes enable performance close to the Shannon Limit and thus allow for the highest storage density available.
Typical hard drives attempt to “remap” the data in a physical sector that is going bad to a spare physical sectoropefully while the number of errors in that bad sector is still small enough that the ECC can completely recover the data without loss. The S.M.A.R.T. system counts the total number of errors in the entire hard drive fixed by ECC, and the total number of remappings, in an attempt to predict hard drive failure.
See also: file system
Architecture
A hard disk drive with the platters and motor hub removed showing the copper colored stator coils surrounding a bearing at the center of the spindle motor. The orange stripe along the side of the arm is a thin printed-circuit cable. The spindle bearing is in the center.
A typical hard drive has two electric motors, one to spin the disks and one to position the read/write head assembly. The disk motor has an external rotor attached to the platters; the stator windings are fixed in place. The actuator has a read-write head under the tip of its very end (near center); a thin printed-circuit cable connects the read-write head to the hub of the actuator. A flexible, somewhat ‘U’-shaped, ribbon cable, seen edge-on below and to the left of the actuator arm in the first image and more clearly in the second, continues the connection from the head to the controller board on the opposite side.
The head support arm is very light, but also rigid; in modern drives, acceleration at the head reaches 550 Gs.
Opened hard drive with top magnet removed, showing copper head actuator coil (top right).
The silver-colored structure at the upper left of the first image is the top plate of the permanent-magnet and moving coil motor that swings the heads to the desired position (it is shown removed in the second image). The plate supports a thin neodymium-iron-boron (NIB) high-flux magnet. Beneath this plate is the moving coil, often referred to as the voice coil by analogy to the coil in loudspeakers, which is attached to the actuator hub, and beneath that is a second NIB magnet, mounted on the bottom plate of the motor (some drives only have one magnet).
The voice coil, itself, is shaped rather like an arrowhead, and made of doubly-coated coppmagnet[clarification needed] wire. The inner layer is insulation, and the outer is thermoplastic, which bonds the coil together after it’s wound on a form, making it self-supporting. The portions of the coil along the two sides of the arrowhead (which point to the actuator bearing center) interact with the magnetic field, developing a tangential force that rotates the actuator. Current flowing radially outward along one side of the arrowhead, and radially inward on the other produces the tangential force. (See magnetic field#Force on a charged particle.) If the magnetic field were uniform, each side would generate opposing forces that would cancel each other out. Therefore the surface of the magnet is half N pole, half S pole, with the radial dividing line in the middle, causing the two sides of the coil to see opposite magnetic fields and produce forces that add instead of canceling. Currents along the top and bottom of the coil produce radial forces that do not rotate the head.
Capacity and access speed
PC hard disk drive capacity (in GB) over time. The vertical axis is logarithmic, so the fit line corresponds to exponential growth.
Using rigid disks and sealing the unit allows much tighter tolerances than in a floppy disk drive. Consequently, hard disk drives can store much more data than floppy disk drives and can access and transmit them faster.
As of April 2009[update], the highest capacity consumer HDDs are 2 TB.
A typical “desktop HDD” might store between 120 GB and 2 TB although rarely above 500 GB of data (based on US market data), rotate at 5,400 to 15,000 rpm, and have a media transfer rate of 0.5 Gbit/s or higher. (1 GB = 109 Byte; 1 Gbit/s = 109 bit/s)
The fastest nterprise HDDs spin at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm, and can achieve sequential media transfer speeds above 1.6 Gbit/s. and a sustained transfer rate up to 1 Gbit/s. Drives running at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm use smaller platters to mitigate increased power requirements (as they have less air drag) and therefore generally have lower capacity than the highest capacity desktop drives.
“Mobile HDDs”, i.e., laptop HDDs, which are physically smaller than their desktop and enterprise counterparts, tend to be slower and have lower capacity. A typical mobile HDD spins at either 4200rpm, 5400rpm, or 7200rpm, with 5400rpm being the most prominent. 7200rpm drives tend to be more expensive and have smaller capacities, while 4200rpm models usually have very-high storage capacities. Because of physically smaller platter(s), mobile HDDs generally have lower capacity than their larger desktop counterparts.
The exponential increases in disk space and data access speeds of HDDs have enabled the commercial viability of consumer products that require large storage capacities, such as digital video recorders and digital audio players. In addition, the availability of vast amounts of cheap storage has made viable a variety of web-based services with extraordinary capacity requirements, such as free-of-charge web search, web archiving and video sharing (Google, Internet Archive, YouTube, etc.).
The main way to decrease access time is to increase rotational speed, thus reducing rotational delay, while the main way to increase throughput and storage capacity is to increase areal density. Based on historic trends, analysts predict a future growth in HDD bit density (and therefore capacity) of about 40% per year. Access times have not kept up with throughput increases, which themselves have not kept up with growth in storage capacity.
The expected random IOPS capability of any HDD can be calculated by dividing 1000 msecs by the sum of the average seek time and the average rotational latency.
The first 3.5 HDD marketed as able to store 1 TB was the Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000. It contains five platters at approximately 200 GB each, providing 1 TB (935.5 GiB) of usable space; note the difference between its capacity in decimal units (1 TB = 1012 bytes) and binary units (1 TiB = 1024 GiB = 240 bytes). Hitachi has since been joined by Samsung (Samsung SpinPoint F1, which has 3 334 GB platters), Seagate and Western Digital in the 1 TB drive market.
In September 2009, Showa Denko announced capacity improvements in platters that they manufacture for HDD makers. A single 2.5″ platter is able to hold 334 GB worth of data, and preliminary results for 3.5″ indicate a 750 GB per platter capacity.
Form factor
Width
Largest capacity
Platters (Max)
5.25 FH
146 mm
47 GB (1998)
14
5.25 HH
146 mm
19.3 GB (1998)
4
3.5 SATA
102 mm
2 TB (2009)
5
3.5 PATA
102 mm
750 GB (2006)
?
2.5 SATA
69.9 mm
1 TB (2009)
3
2.5 PATA
69.9 mm
320 GB (2009)
?
1.8 SATA
54 mm
320 GB (2009)
3
1.8 PATA/LIF
54 mm
240 GB (2008)
2
1.3
43 mm
40 GB (2007)
1
1 (CFII/ZIF/IDE-Flex)
42 mm
20 GB (2006)
1
0.85
24 mm
8 GB (2004)
1
Capacity measurements
A disassembled and labeled 1997 hard drive. All major components were placed on a mirror, which created the symmetrical reflections.
Raw unformatted capacity of a hard disk drive is usually quoted with SI prefixes (metric system prefixes), incrementing by powers of 1000; today that usually means gigabytes (GB) and terabytes (TB). This is conventional for data speeds and memory sizes which are not inherently manufactured in power of two sizes, as RAM and Flash memory are. Hard disks by contrast have no inherent binary size as capacity is determined by number of heads, tracks and sectors.
This can cause some confusion because some operating systems may report the formatted capacity of a hard drive using binary prefix units which increment by powers of 1024.
A one terabyte (1 TB) disk drive would be expected to hold around 1 trillion bytes (1,000,000,000,000) or 1000 GB; and indeed most 1 TB hard drives will contain slightly more than this number. However some operating system utilities would report this as around 931 GB or 953,674 MB, whereas the correct units would be 931 GiB or 953,674 MiB. (The actual number for a formatted capacity will be somewhat smaller still, depending on the file system). Following are the correct ways of reporting one Terabyte.
SI prefixes (Hard Drive)
equivalent
Binary prefixes (OS)
equivalent
1 TB (Terabytes)
1 * 10004 B
0.9095 TiB (Tebibytes)
0.9095 * 10244 B
1000 GB (Gigabytes)
1000 * 10003 B
931.3 GiB (Gibibytes)
931.3 * 10243 B
1,000,000 MB (Megabytes)
1,000,000 * 10002 B
953,674.3 MiB (Mebibytes)
953,674.3 * 10242 B
1,000,000,000 KB (Kilobytes)
1,000,000,000 * 1000 B
976,562,500 KiB (Kibibytes)
976,562,500 * 1024 B
1,000,000,000,000 B (bytes)
-
1,000,000,000,000 B (bytes)
-
Microsoft Windows reports disk capacity both in a decimal integer to 12 or more digits and in binary prefix units to three significant digits.
The capacity of an HDD can be calculated by multiplying the number of cylinders by the number of heads by the number of sectors by the number of bytes/sector (most commonly 512). Drives with the ATA interface and a capacity of eight gigabytes or more behave as if they were structured into 16383 cylinders, 16 heads, and 63 sectors, for compatibility with older operating systems. Unlike in the 1980s, the cylinder, head, sector (C/H/S) counts reported to the CPU by a modern ATA drive are no longer actual physical parameters since the reported numbers are constrained by historic operating-system interfaces and with zone bit recording the actual number of sectors varies by zone. Disks with SCSI interface address each sector with a unique integer number; the operating system remains ignorant of their head or cylinder count.
The old C/H/S scheme has been replaced by logical block addressing. In some cases, to try to “force-fit” the C/H/S scheme to large-capacity drives, the number of heads was given as 64, although no modern drive has anywhere near 32 platters.
Formatted disk overhead
For a formatted drive, the operating system’s file system internal usage is another, although minor, reason why a computer hard drive or storage device’s capacity may show its capacity as different from its theoretical capacity. This would include storage for, as examples, a file allocation table (FAT) or inodes, as well as other operating system data structures. This file system overhead is usually less than 1% on drives larger than 100 MB. For RAID drives, data integrity and fault-tolerance requirements also reduce the realized capacity. For example, a RAID1 drive will be about half the total capacity as a result of data mirroring. For RAID5 drives with x drives you would lose 1/x of your space to parity. RAID drives are multiple drives that appear to be one drive to the user, but provides some fault-tolerance.
A general rule of thumb to quickly convert the manufacturer’s hard disk capacity to the standard Microsoft Windows formatted capacity is 0.93*capacity of HDD from manufacturer for HDDs less than a terabyte and 0.91*capacity of HDD from manufacturer for HDDs equal to or greater than 1 terabyte.
Form factors
5 full height 110 MB HDD,
2 (8.5 mm) 6495 MB HDD,
US/UK pennies for comparison.
Six hard drives with 8, 5.25, 3.5, 2.5, 1.8, and 1 disks, partially disassembled to show platters and read-write heads, with a ruler showing inches.
Before the era of PCs and small computers, hard disks were of widely varying dimensions, typically in free standing cabinets the size of washing machines (e.g. DEC RP06 Disk Drive) or designed so that dimensions enabled placement in a 19″ rack (e.g. Diablo Model 31).
With increasing sales of small computers having built in floppy-disk drives (FDDs), HDDs that would fit to the FDD mountings became desirable, and this led to the evolution of the market towards drives with certain Form factors, initially derived from the sizes of 8″, 5.25″ and 3.5″ floppy disk drives. Smaller sizes than 3.5″ have emerged as popular in the marketplace and/or been decided by various industry groups.
8 inch: 9.5 in 4.624 in 14.25 in (241.3 mm 117.5 mm 362 mm)
In 1979, Shugart Associates’ SA1000 was the first form factor compatible HDD, having the same dimensions and a compatible interface to the 8 FDD.
5.25 inch: 5.75 in 1.63 in 8 in (146.1 mm 41.4 mm 203 mm)
This smaller form factor, first used in an HDD by Seagate in 1980, was the same size as full height 5-inch diameter FDD, i.e., 3.25 inches high. This is twice as high as “half height” commonly used today; i.e., 1.63 in (41.4 mm). Most desktop models of drives for optical 120 mm disks (DVD, CD) use the half height 5 dimension, but it fell out of fashion for HDDs. The Quantum Bigfoot HDD was the last to use it in the late 1990s, with ow-profile (25 mm) and ltra-low-profile (20 mm) high versions.
3.5 inch: 4 in 1 in 5.75 in (101.6 mm 25.4 mm 146 mm) = 376.77344 cm
This smaller form factor, first used in an HDD by Rodime in 1984, was the same size as the “half height” 3 FDD, i.e., 1.63 inches high. Today it has been largely superseded by 1-inch high limline or ow-profile versions of this form factor which is used by most desktop HDDs.
2.5 inch: 2.75 in 0.3740.59 in 3.945 in (69.85 mm 715 mm 100 mm) = 48.895104.775 cm3
This smaller form factor was introduced by PrairieTek in 1988; there is no corresponding FDD. It is widely used today for hard-disk drives in mobile devices (laptops, music players, etc.) and as of 2008 replacing 3.5 inch enterprise-class drives. It is also used in the Xbox 360 and Playstation 3 video game consoles. Today, the dominant height of this form factor is 9.5 mm for laptop drives, but high capacity drives (750 GB and 1 TB) have a height of 12.5 mm. Enterprise-class drives can have a height up to 15 mm. Seagate has released a wafer-thin 7mm drive aimed at entry level laptops and high end netbooks in December 2009.
1.8 inch: 54 mm 8 mm 71 mm = 30.672 cm
This form factor, originally introduced by Integral Peripherals in 1993, has evolved into the ATA-7 LIF with dimensions as stated. It is increasingly used in digital audio players and subnotebooks. An original variant exists for 25 GB sized HDDs that fit directly into a PC card expansion slot. These became popular for their use in iPods and other HDD based MP3 players.
1 inch: 42.8 mm 5 mm 36.4 mm
This form factor was introduced in 1999 as IBM’s Microdrive to fit inside a CF Type II slot. Samsung calls the same form factor “1.3 inch” drive in its product literature.
0.85 inch: 24 mm 5 mm 32 mm
Toshiba announced this form factor in January 2004 for use in mobile phones and similar applications, including SD/MMC slot compatible HDDs optimized for video storage on 4G handsets. Toshiba currently sells a 4 GB (MK4001MTD) and 8 GB (MK8003MTD) version and holds the Guinness World Record for the smallest hard disk drive.
3.5″ and 2.5″ hard disks currently dominate the market.
By 2009 all manufacturers had discontinued the development of new products for the 1.3-inch, 1-inch and 0.85-inch form factors due to falling prices of flash memory.
The inch-based nickname of all these form factors usually do not indicate any actual product dimension (which are specified in millimeters for more recent form factors), but just roughly indicate a size relative to disk diameters, in the interest of historic continuity.
Other characteristics
Data transfer rate
As of 2008, a typical 7200rpm desktop hard drive has a sustained “disk-to-buffer” data transfer rate of about 70 megabytes per second. This rate depends on the track location, so it will be highest for data on the outer tracks (where there are more data sectors) and lower toward the inner tracks (where there are fewer data sectors); and is generally somewhat higher for 10,000rpm drives. A current widely-used standard for the “buffer-to-computer” interface is 3.0 Gbit/s SATA, which can send about 300 megabyte/s from the buffer to the computer, and thus is still comfortably ahead of today’s disk-to-buffer transfer rates. Data transfer rate (read/write) can be measured by writing a large file to disk using special file generator tools, then reading back the file. Transfer rate can be influenced by file system fragmentation and the layout of the files.
Seek time
Seek time currently ranges from just under 2 ms for high-end server drives, to 15 ms for miniature drives, with the most common desktop type typically being around 9 ms.[citation needed] There has not been any significant improvement in this speed for some years. Some early PC drives used a stepper motor to move the heads, and as a result had access times as slow as 80120 ms, but this was quickly improved by voice coil type actuation in the late 1980s, reducing access times to around 20 ms.
Power consumption
Power consumption has become increasingly important, not just in mobile devices such as laptops but also in server and desktop markets. Increasing data center machine density has led to problems delivering sufficient power to devices (especially for spin up), and getting rid of the waste heat subsequently produced, as well as environmental and electrical cost concerns (see green computing). Similar issues exist for large companies with thousands of desktop PCs. Smaller form factor drives often use less power than larger drives. One interesting development in this area is actively controlling the seek speed so that the head arrives at its destination only just in time to read the sector, rather than arriving as quickly as possible and then having to wait for the sector to come around (i.e. the rotational latency). Many of the hard drive companies are now producing Green Drives that require much less power and cooling. Many of these ‘Green Drives’ spin slower (<5400 RPM compared to 7200 RPM, 10,000 RPM, and 15,000 RPM) and also generate less waste heat.
Also in Server and Workstation systems where there might be multiple hard disk drives, there are various ways of controlling when the hard drives spin up (highest power draw).
On SCSI hard disk drives, the SCSI controller can directly control spin up and spin down of the drives.
On Parallel ATA (aka PATA) and SATA hard disk drives, some support Power-up in standby or PUIS. The hard disk drive will not spin up until the controller or system BIOS issues a specific command to do so. This limits the power draw or consumption upon power on.
On newer SATA hard disk drives, there is Staggered Spin Up feature. The hard disk drive will not spin up until the SATA Phy comes ready (communications with the host controller starts).[citation needed]
To further control or reduce power draw and consumption, the hard disk drive can be spun down to reduce its power consumption.
Audible noise
Measured in dBA, audible noise is significant for certain applications, such as PVRs, digital audio recording and quiet computers. Low noise disks typically use fluid bearings, slower rotational speeds (usually 5,400 rpm) and reduce the seek speed under load (AAM) to reduce audible clicks and crunching sounds. Drives in smaller form factors (e.g. 2.5 inch) are often quieter than larger drives .
Shock resistance
Shock resistance is especially important for mobile devices. Some laptops now include active hard drive protection that parks the disk heads if the machine is dropped, hopefully before impact, to offer the greatest possible chance of survival in such an event. Maximum shock tolerance to date is 350 Gs for operating and 1000 Gs for non-operating.
Access and interfaces
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)
Hard disk drives are accessed over one of a number of bus types, including parallel ATA (P-ATA, also called IDE or EIDE), Serial ATA (SATA), SCSI, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), and Fibre Channel. Bridge circuitry is sometimes used to connect hard disk drives to buses that they cannot communicate with natively, such as IEEE 1394, USB and SCSI.
For the ST-506 interface, the data encoding scheme as written to the disk surface was also important. The first ST-506 disks used Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) encoding, and transferred data at a rate of 5 megabits per second. Later controllers using 2,7 RLL (or just “RLL”) encoding caused 50% more data to appear under the heads compared to one rotation of an MFM drive, increasing data storage and data transfer rate by 50%, to 7.5 megabits per second.
Many ST-506 interface disk drives were only specified by the manufacturer to run at the 1/3rd lower MFM data transfer rate compared to RLL, while other drive models (usually more expensive versions of the same drive) were specified to run at the higher RLL data transfer rate. In some cases, a drive had sufficient margin to allow the MFM specified model to run at the denser/faster RLL data transfer rate (not recommended nor guaranteed by manufacturers). Also, any RLL-certified drive could run on any MFM controller, but with 1/3 less data capacity and as much as 1/3rd less data transfer rate compared to its RLL specifications.
Enhanced Small Disk Interface (ESDI) also supported multiple data rates (ESDI disks always used 2,7 RLL, but at 10, 15 or 20 megabits per second), but this was usually negotiated automatically by the disk drive and controller; most of the time, however, 15 or 20 megabit ESDI disk drives weren’t downward compatible (i.e. a 15 or 20 megabit disk drive wouldn’t run on a 10 megabit controller). ESDI disk drives typically also had jumpers to set the number of sectors per track and (in some cases) sector size.
Modern hard drives present a consistent interface to the rest of the computer, no matter what data encoding scheme is used internally. Typically a DSP in the electronics inside the hard drive takes the raw analog voltages from the read head and uses PRML and Reedolomon error correction to decode the sector boundaries and sector data, then sends that data out the standard interface. That DSP also watches the error rate detected by error detection and correction, and performs bad sector remapping, data collection for Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology, and other internal tasks.
SCSI originally had just one signaling frequency of 5 MHz for a maximum data rate of 5 megabytes/second over 8 parallel conductors, but later this was increased dramatically. The SCSI bus speed had no bearing on the disk’s internal speed because of buffering between the SCSI bus and the disk drive’s internal data bus; however, many early disk drives had very small buffers, and thus had to be reformatted to a different interleave (just like ST-506 disks) when used on slow computers, such as early Commodore Amiga, IBM PC compatibles and Apple Macintoshes.
ATA disks have typically had no problems with interleave or data rate, due to their controller design, but many early models were incompatible with each other and couldn’t run with two devices on the same physical cable in a master/slave setup. This was mostly remedied by the mid-1990s, when ATA’s specification was standardized and the details began to be cleaned up, but still causes problems occasionally (especially with CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks, and when mixing Ultra DMA and non-UDMA devices).
Serial ATA does away with master/slave setups entirely, placing each disk on its own channel (with its own set of I/O ports) instead.
FireWire/IEEE 1394 and USB(1.0/2.0) HDDs are external units containing generally ATA or SCSI disks with ports on the back allowing very simple and effective expansion and mobility. Most FireWire/IEEE 1394 models are able to daisy-chain in order to continue adding peripherals without requiring additional ports on the computer itself. USB however, is a point to point network and doesn’t allow for daisy-chaining. USB hubs are used to increase the number of available ports and are used for devices that don’t require charging since the current supplied by hubs is typically lower than what’s available from the built-in USB ports.
Disk interface families used in personal computers
Notable families of disk interfaces include:
Historical bit serial interfaces connect a hard disk drive (HDD) to a hard disk controller (HDC) with two cables, one for control and one for data. (Each drive also has an additional cable for power, usually connecting it directly to the power supply unit). The HDC provided significant functions such as serial/parallel conversion, data separation, and track formatting, and required matching to the drive (after formatting) in order to assure reliability. Each control cable could serve two or more drives, while a dedicated (and smaller) data cable served each drive.
ST506 used MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation) for the data encoding method.
ST412 was available in either MFM or RLL (Run Length Limited) encoding variants.
Enhanced Small Disk Interface (ESDI) was an interface developed by Maxtor to allow faster communication between the processor and the disk than MFM or RLL.
Modern bit serial interfaces connect a hard disk drive to a host bus interface adapter (today typically integrated into the “south bridge”) with one data/control cable. (As for historical bit serial interfaces above, each drive also has an additional power cable, usually direct to the power supply unit.)
Fibre Channel (FC), is a successor to parallel SCSI interface on enterprise market. It is a serial protocol. In disk drives usually the Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) connection topology is used. FC has much broader usage than mere disk interfaces, and it is the cornerstone of storage area networks (SANs). Recently other protocols for this field, like iSCSI and ATA over Ethernet have been developed as well. Confusingly, drives usually use copper twisted-pair cables for Fibre Channel, not fibre optics. The latter are traditionally reserved for larger devices, such as servers or disk array controllers.
Serial ATA (SATA). The SATA data cable has one data pair for differential transmission of data to the device, and one pair for differential receiving from the device, just like EIA-422. That requires that data be transmitted serially. Similar differential signaling system is used in RS485, LocalTalk, USB, Firewire, and differential SCSI.
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS). The SAS is a new generation serial communication protocol for devices designed to allow for much higher speed data transfers and is compatible with SATA. SAS uses a mechanically identical data and power connector to standard 3.5″ SATA1/SATA2 HDDs, and many server-oriented SAS RAID controllers are also capable of addressing SATA hard drives. SAS uses serial communication instead of the parallel method found in traditional SCSI devices but still uses SCSI commands.
Word serial interfaces connect a hard disk drive to a host bus adapter (today typically integrated into the “south bridge”) with one cable for combined data/control. (As for all bit serial interfaces above, each drive also has an additional power cable, usually direct to the power supply unit.) The earliest versions of these interfaces typically had a 8 bit parallel data transfer to/from the drive, but 16 bit versions became much more common, and there are 32 bit versions. Modern variants have serial data transfer. The word nature of data transfer makes the design of a host bus adapter significantly simpler than that of the precursor HDD controller.
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), later renamed to ATA, with the alias P-ATA (“parallel ATA”) retroactively added upon introduction of the new variant Serial ATA. The original name reflected the innovative integration of HDD controller with HDD itself, which was not found in earlier disks. Moving the HDD controller from the interface card to the disk drive helped to standardize interfaces, and to reduce the cost and complexity. The 40 pin IDE/ATA connection transfers 16 bits of data at a time on the data cable. The data cable was originally 40 conductor, but later higher speed requirements for data transfer to and from the hard drive led to an “ultra DMA” mode, known as UDMA. Progressively faster versions of this standard ultimately added the requirement for an 80 conductor variant of the same cable; where half of the conductors provides grounding necessary for enhanced high-speed signal quality by reducing cross talk. The interface for 80 conductor only has 39 pins, the missing pin acting as a key to prevent incorrect insertion of the connector to an incompatible socket, a common cause of disk and controller damage.
EIDE was an unofficial update (by Western Digital) to the original IDE standard, with the key improvement being the use of direct memory access (DMA) to transfer data between the disk and the computer without the involvement of the CPU, an improvement later adopted by the official ATA standards. By directly transferring data between memory and disk, DMA eliminates the need for the CPU to copy byte per byte, therefore allowing it to process other tasks while the data transfer occurs.
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), originally named SASI for Shugart Associates System Interface, was an early competitor of ESDI. SCSI disks were standard on servers, workstations, Commodore Amiga and Apple Macintosh computers through the mid-90s, by which time most models had been transitioned to IDE (and later, SATA) family disks. Only in 2005 did the capacity of SCSI disks fall behind IDE disk technology, though the highest-performance disks are still available in SCSI and Fibre Channel only. The length limitations of the data cable allows for external SCSI devices. Originally SCSI data cables used single ended (common mode) data transmission, but server class SCSI could use differential transmission, either low voltage differential (LVD) or high voltage differential (HVD). (“Low” and “High” voltages for differential SCSI are relative to SCSI standards and do not meet the meaning of low voltage and high voltage as used in general electrical engineering contexts, as apply e.g. to statutory electrical codes; both LVD and HVD use low voltage signals (3.3 V and 5 V respectively) in general terminology.)
Acronym or abbreviation
Meaning
Description
SASI
Shugart Associates System Interface
Historical predecessor to SCSI.
SCSI
Small Computer System Interface
Bus oriented that handles concurrent operations.
SAS
Serial Attached SCSI
Improvement of SCSI, uses serial communication instead of parallel.
ST-506
Seagate Technology
Historical Seagate interface.
ST-412
Seagate Technology
Historical Seagate interface (minor improvement over ST-506).
ESDI
Enhanced Small Disk Interface
Historical; backwards compatible with ST-412/506, but faster and more integrated.
ATA
Advanced Technology Attachment
Successor to ST-412/506/ESDI by integrating the disk controller completely onto the device. Incapable of concurrent operations.
SATA
Serial ATA
Modification of ATA, uses serial communication instead of parallel.
Integrity
An IBM HDD head resting on a disk platter. Since the drive is not in operation, the head is simply pressed against the disk by the suspension.
Close-up of a hard disk head resting on a disk platter. A reflection of the head and its suspension is visible on the mirror-like disk.
Due to the extremely close spacing between the heads and the disk surface, any contamination of the read-write heads or platters can lead to a head crash a failure of the disk in which the head scrapes across the platter surface, often grinding away the thin magnetic film and causing data loss. Head crashes can be caused by electronic failure, a sudden power failure, physical shock, wear and tear, corrosion, or poorly manufactured platters and heads.
The HDD’s spindle system relies on air pressure inside the enclosure to support the heads at their proper flying height while the disk rotates. Hard disk drives require a certain range of air pressures in order to operate properly. The connection to the external environment and pressure occurs through a small hole in the enclosure (about 0.5 mm in diameter), usually with a filter on the inside (the breather filter). If the air pressure is too low, then there is not enough lift for the flying head, so the head gets too close to the disk, and there is a risk of head crashes and data loss. Specially manufactured sealed and pressurized disks are needed for reliable high-altitude operation, above about 3,000 m (10,000 feet). Modern disks include temperature sensors and adjust their operation to the operating environment. Breather holes can be seen on all disk drives they usually have a sticker next to them, warning the user not to cover the holes. The air inside the operating drive is constantly moving too, being swept in motion by friction with the spinning platters. This air passes through an internal recirculation (or “recirc”) filter to remove any leftover contaminants from manufacture, any particles or chemicals that may have somehow entered the enclosure, and any particles or outgassing generated internally in normal operation. Very high humidity for extended periods can corrode the heads and platters.
For giant magnetoresistive (GMR) heads in particular, a minor head crash from contamination (that does not remove the magnetic surface of the disk) still results in the head temporarily overheating, due to friction with the disk surface, and can render the data unreadable for a short period until the head temperature stabilizes (so called “thermal asperity”, a problem which can partially be dealt with by proper electronic filtering of the read signal).
Actuation of moving arm
The hard drive’s electronics control the movement of the actuator and the rotation of the disk, and perform reads and writes on demand from the disk controller. Feedback of the drive electronics is accomplished by means of special segments of the disk dedicated to servo feedback. These are either complete concentric circles (in the case of dedicated servo technology), or segments interspersed with real data (in the case of embedded servo technology). The servo feedback optimizes the signal to noise ratio of the GMR sensors by adjusting the voice-coil of the actuated arm. The spinning of the disk also uses a servo motor. Modern disk firmware is capable of scheduling reads and writes efficiently on the platter surfaces and remapping sectors of the media which have failed.
Landing zones and load/unload technology
A read/write head from a circa-1998 Fujitsu 3.5″ hard disk. The area pictured is approximately 2.0 mm x 3.0mm.
Microphotograph of an older generation hard disk head and slider (1990s). The size of the front face (which is the “trailing face” of the slider) is about 0.3 mm 1.0 mm. It is the location of the actual ‘head’ (magnetic sensors). The non-visible bottom face of the slider is about 1.0 mm 1.25 mm (so-called “nano” size) and faces the platter. It contains the lithographically micro-machined air bearing surface (ABS) that allows the slider to fly in a highly controlled fashion. One functional part of the head is the round, orange structure visible in the middle – the lithographically defined copper coil of the write transducer. Also note the electric connections by wires bonded to gold-plated pads.
Modern HDDs prevent power interruptions or other malfunctions from landing its heads in the data zone by parking the heads either in a landing zone or by unloading (i.e., load/unload) the heads. Some early PC HDDs did not park the heads automatically and they would land on data. In some other early units the user manually parked the heads by running a program to park the HDD’s heads.
A landing zone is an area of the platter usually near its inner diameter (ID), where no data are stored. This area is called the Contact Start/Stop (CSS) zone. Disks are designed such that either a spring or, more recently, rotational inertia in the platters is used to park the heads in the case of unexpected power loss. In this case, the spindle motor temporarily acts as a generator, providing power to the actuator.
Spring tension from the head mounting constantly pushes the heads towards the platter. While the disk is spinning, the heads are supported by an air bearing and experience no physical contact or wear. In CSS drives the sliders carrying the head sensors (often also just called heads) are designed to survive a number of landings and takeoffs from the media surface, though wear and tear on these microscopic components eventually takes its toll. Most manufacturers design the sliders to survive 50,000 contact cycles before the chance of damage on startup rises above 50%. However, the decay rate is not linear: when a disk is younger and has had fewer start-stop cycles, it has a better chance of surviving the next startup than an older, higher-mileage disk (as the head literally drags along the disk’s surface until the air bearing is established). For example, the Seagate Barracuda 7200.10 series of desktop hard disks are rated to 50,000 start-stop cycles, in other words no failures attributed to the head-platter interface were seen before at least 50,000 start-stop cycles during testing.
Around 1995 IBM pioneered a technology where a landing zone on the disk is made by a precision laser process (Laser Zone Texture = LZT) producing an array of smooth nanometer-scale “bumps” in a landing zone, thus vastly improving stiction and wear performance. This technology is still largely in use today (2008), predominantly in desktop and enterprise (3.5 inch) drives. In general, CSS technology can be prone to increased stiction (the tendency for the heads to stick to the platter surface), e.g. as a consequence of increased humidity. Excessive stiction can cause physical damage to the platter and slider or spindle motor.
Load/Unload technology relies on the heads being lifted off the platters into a safe location, thus eliminating the risks of wear and stiction altogether. The first HDD RAMAC and most early disk drives used complex mechanisms to load and unload the heads. Modern HDDs use ramp loading, first introduced by Memorex in 1967, to load/unload onto plastic “ramps” near the outer disk edge.
All HDDs today still use one of these two technologies listed above. Each has a list of advantages and drawbacks in terms of loss of storage area on the disk, relative difficulty of mechanical tolerance control, non-operating shock robustness, cost of implementation, etc.
Addressing shock robustness, IBM also created a technology for their ThinkPad line of laptop computers called the Active Protection System. When a sudden, sharp movement is detected by the built-in accelerometer in the Thinkpad, internal hard disk heads automatically unload themselves to reduce the risk of any potential data loss or scratch defects. Apple later also utilized this technology in their PowerBook, iBook, MacBook Pro, and MacBook line, known as the Sudden Motion Sensor. Sony, HP with their HP 3D DriveGuard and Toshiba have released similar technology in their notebook computers.
This accelerometer based shock sensor has also been used for building cheap earthquake sensor networks.
Disk failures and their metrics
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
Minimizing hard disk drive failure and data loss
Most major hard disk and motherboard vendors now support S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology), which measures drive characteristics such as operating temperature, spin-up time, data error rates, etc. Certain trends and sudden changes in these parameters are thought to be associated with increased likelihood of drive failure and data loss.
However, not all failures are predictable. Normal use eventually can lead to a breakdown in the inherently fragile device, which makes it essential for the user to periodically back up the data onto a separate storage device. Failure to do so will lead to the loss of data. While it may sometimes be possible to recover lost information, it is normally an extremely costly procedure, and it is not possible to guarantee success. A 2007 study published by Google suggested very little correlation between failure rates and either high temperature or activity level; however, the correlation between manufacturer/model and failure rate was relatively strong. Statistics in this matter is kept highly secret by most entities. Google did not publish the manufacturer’s names along with their respective failure rates, though they have since revealed that they use Hitachi Deskstar drives in some of their servers. While several S.M.A.R.T. parameters have an impact on failure probability, a large fraction of failed drives do not produce predictive S.M.A.R.T. parameters. S.M.A.R.T. parameters alone may not be useful for predicting individual drive failures.
A common misconception is that a colder hard drive will last longer than a hotter hard drive. The Google study seems to imply the reverse”lower temperatures are associated with higher failure rates”. Hard drives with S.M.A.R.T.-reported average temperatures below 27 C (80.6 F) had higher failure rates than hard drives with the highest reported average temperature of 50 C (122 F), failure rates at least twice as high as the optimum S.M.A.R.T.-reported temperature range of 36 C (96.8 F) to 47 C (116.6 F).
SCSI, SAS and FC drives are typically more expensive and are traditionally used in servers and disk arrays, whereas inexpensive ATA and SATA drives evolved in the home computer market and were perceived to be less reliable. This distinction is now becoming blurred.
The mean time between failures (MTBF) of SATA drives is usually about 600,000 hours (some drives such as Western Digital Raptor have rated 1.2 million hours MTBF), while SCSI drives are rated for upwards of 1.5 million hours.[citation needed] However, independent research indicates that MTBF is not a reliable estimate of a drive’s longevity. MTBF is conducted in laboratory environments in test chambers and is an important metric to determine the quality of a disk drive before it enters high volume production. Once the drive product is in production, the more valid metric is annualized failure rate (AFR).[citation needed] AFR is the percentage of real-world drive failures after shipping.
SAS drives are comparable to SCSI drives, with high MTBF and high reliability.[citation needed]
Enterprise S-ATA drives designed and produced for enterprise markets, unlike standard S-ATA drives, have reliability comparable to other enterprise class drives.
Typically enterprise drives (all enterprise drives, including SCSI, SAS, enterprise SATA and FC) experience between 0.70%-0.78% annual failure rates from the total installed drives.[citation needed]
Eventually all mechanical hard disk drives fail. And thus the strategy to mitigate loss of data is to have redundancy in some form, like RAID and backup. RAID should never be relied on as backup, as RAID controllers also break down, making the disks inaccessible. Following a backup strategy; for example, daily differential and weekly full backups, is the only sure way to prevent data loss.
Manufacturers
A Western Digital 3.5 inch 250 GB SATA HDD. This specific model features both SATA and Molex power inputs.
Seagate’s hard disk drives being manufactured in a factory in Wuxi, China
See also List of defunct hard disk manufacturers
The technological resources and know-how required for modern drive development and production mean that as of 2010, virtually all of the world’s HDDs are manufactured by just five large companies: Seagate, Western Digital, Hitachi, Samsung, and Toshiba.
Dozens of former HDD manufacturers have gone out of business, merged, or closed their HDD divisions; as capacities and demand for products increased, profits became hard to find, and the market underwent significant consolidation in the late 1980s and late 1990s. The first notable casualty of the business in the PC era was Computer Memories Inc. or CMI; after an incident with faulty 20 MB AT disks in 1985, CMI’s reputation never recovered, and they exited the HDD business in 1987. Another notable failure was MiniScribe, who went bankrupt in 1990 after it was found that they had engaged in accounting fraud and inflated sales numbers for several years. Many other smaller companies (like Kalok, Microscience, LaPine, Areal, Priam and PrairieTek) also did not survive the shakeout, and had disappeared by 1993; Micropolis was able to hold on until 1997, and JTS, a relative latecomer to the scene, lasted only a few years and was gone by 1999, after attempting to manufacture HDDs in India. Their claim to fame was creating a new 3 form factor drive for use in laptops. Quantum and Integral also invested in the 3 form factor; but eventually ceased support as this form factor failed to catch on. Rodime was also an important manufacturer during the 1980s, but stopped making disks in the early 1990s amid the shakeout and now concentrates on technology licensing; they hold a number of patents related to 3.5-inch form factor HDDs.
The following is the genealogy of the current HDD Companies
1967: Hitachi enters the HDD business.
1967: Toshiba enters the HDD business.
1979: Seagate Technology is founded by a group of ex-IBM and ex-Memorex persons.
1988: Western Digital (WDC), then a well-known controller designer enters the HDD business by acquiring Tandon Corporation’s disk manufacturing division.
1989: Seagate Technology purchases Control Data’s HDD business.
1990: Maxtor purchases MiniScribe out of bankruptcy, making it the core of its low-end HDDs.
1994: Quantum purchases DEC’s storage division, giving it a high-end disk range to go with its more consumer-oriented ProDrive range.
1996: Seagate acquires Conner Peripherals in a merger.
2000: Maxtor acquires Quantum’s HDD business; Quantum remains in the tape business.
2003: Hitachi acquires the majority of IBMs disk division, who renamed it Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (HGST).
2006: Seagate acquires Maxtor.
2009: Toshiba acquires Fujitsu’s HDD division
Sales
In the year 2007 516.2 million hard disks were sold .
See also
Automatic Acoustic Management
Binary prefix (KiB, MiB, GiB, etc.)
Click of death
Data erasure
Disk formatting
Drive mapping
du (Unix disk usage program)
External hard disk drive
File System
HDD recorder
History of hard disk drives
Hybrid drive
IBM 305 RAMAC
kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte definitions
Multimedia
Solid-state drive
Spintronics
Write precompensation
References
^ This is the original filing date of the application which led to US Patent 3,503,060, generally accepted as the definitive disk drive patent; see, Kean, David W., “IBM San Jose, A Quarter Century Of Innovation, 1977.
^ Other terms use to describe hard disk drives include disk drive , disk file, DASD (Direct Access Storage Device), fixed disk, CKD disk and Winchester Disk Drive (after the IBM 3340).
^ Webopedia.com
^ Techtarget.com
^ How Hard Disks Work, howstuffworks.com
^ In the 1990s there was a partial return to the use of removable hard disks, such as the Iomega Jaz and Rev drives and disks and the SyQuest SyJet and Sparq drives and disks, and the Castlewood Orb drive and disk, among other models, but as of 2009 these are mostly defunct.
^ IBM.com IBM 350 disk storage unit
^ “Thickness of a Piece of Paper”, HyperTextbook.com
^ “IBM OEM MR Head | Technology | The era of giant magnetoresistive heads”. Hitachigst.com. 2001-08-27. http://www.hitachigst.com/hdd/technolo/gmr/gmr.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ Brian Hayes, Terabyte Territory, American Scientist, Vol 90 No 3 (May-June 2002) p. 212
^ “Press Releases December 14, 2004″. Toshiba. http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2004_12/pr1401.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ “Seagate Momentus 2″ HDDs per webpage Jan 2008″. Seagate.com. 2008-10-24. http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/products/laptops/momentus/. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ “Seagate Baracuda 3″ HDDs per webpage January 2008″. Seagate.com. http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/products/desktops/barracuda_hard_drives/. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ “Western Digital Scorpio 2″ and Greenpower 3″ HDDs per quarterly conference, July 2007″. Wdc.com. http://www.wdc.com/en/company/investor/q108remarks.asp. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ Storage Review – Error Correcting Code
^ Hitachi – “Iterative Detection Read Channel Technology in Hard Disk Drives”
^ Murph, Darren (2009-01-26). “Western Digital’s 2TB Caviar Green HDD on sale in Australia”. Engadget.com. http://www.engadget.com/2009/01/26/western-digitals-2tb-caviar-green-hdd-on-sale-in-australia. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ PC Magazine comparison of 136 desktops shows 60 in this HDD capacity range with 50 larger and 26 smaller capacities), PCMag.com
^ a b Seagate Cheetah 15K.5
^ Walter, Chip (July 25, 2005). “Kryder’s Law”. Scientific American (Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH). http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000B0C22-0805-12D8-BDFD83414B7F0000&ref=sciam&chanID=sa006. Retrieved 2006-10-29.
^ “Seagate Outlines the Future of Storage :: Articles :: www.hardwarezone.com”. www.hardwarezone.com
^ “Hitachi’s 7K1000 Terabyte Hard Drive”. Tomshardware.com. http://www.tomshardware.com/2007/04/17/hitachi_7k1000_terabyte_hard_drive/. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ “Seagate, Samsung Begin to Ship 1 TB Desktop Hard Drives”. Dailytech.com. http://www.dailytech.com/Article.aspx?newsid=7740. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ “SDK Starts Shipments of 2.5-Inch 334 GB HD Media”. http://www.sdk.co.jp/aa/english/news/2009/aanw_09_1152.html. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
^ Seagate Elite 47, shipped 12/97 per 1998 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives
^ Quantum Bigfoot TS, shipped 10/98 per 1999 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives
^ The Quantum Bigfoot TS used a maximum of 3 platters, other earlier and lower capacity product used up to 4 platters in a 5.25 HH form factor, e.g. Microscience HH1090 circa 1989.
^ Murphy, David. “Western Digital Launches World-First 2TB Hard Drive”. PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/158374/Western_Digital_Launches_WorldFirst_2TB_Hard_Drive.html?tk=rss_news. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
^ “Seagate PATA (EIDE) desktop hard disk drives”. http://www.seagate.com/ww/v/index.jsp?name=DB35_Series_7200.3-UltraATA-100_750GB-8_ST3750840ACE&vgnextoid=6828cd2655bfd010VgnVCM100000dd04090aRCRD&locale=en-US.
^ “WD ships industry’s first 2.5-inch 1TB hard drive”. http://www.engadget.com/2009/07/27/wd-ships-industrys-first-2-5-inch-1tb-hard-drive/.
^ “WD Scorpio BLUE 320 GB PATA Hard Drives”. http://www.wdc.com/cN/products/products.asp?DriveID=599.
^ “SDK Starts Shipments of 1.3-Inch PMR-Technology-Based HD Media”. Sdk.co.jp. 2008-01-10. http://www.sdk.co.jp/aa/english/news/2008/aanw_08_0812.html. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ “Toshiba’s World Smallest Hard Disk Drive”. Toshibastorage.com. http://www.toshibastorage.com/main.aspx?Path=StorageSolutions/0.85-inchHardDiskDrives/MK4001MTD/MK4001MTDSpecifications. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ “One Drive, Multiple Applications – Tom’s Hardware : WD’s New Raptor Drive Is a Bird of Prey!”. Tomshardware.com. 2008-04-21. http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/HDD-SATA-VelociRaptor,1914-6.html. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ “Seagate Unveils World’s Thinnest 2.5-Inch Hard Drive For Slim Laptop Computers”. physorg.com. 2009-12-15. http://www.physorg.com/news180118264.html. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
^ 1.3 HDD Product Specification, Samsung, 2008
^ Toshiba’s 0.85-inch HDD is set to bring multi-gigabyte capacities to small, powerful digital products, Toshiba press release, January 8, 2004
^ Toshiba enters Guinness World Records Book with the world’s smallest hard disk drive, Toshiba press release, March 16, 2004
^ Flash price fall shakes HDD market, EETimes Asia, August 1, 2007.
^ In 2008 Samsung introduced the 1.3-inch SpinPoint A1 HDD but by March 2009 the family was listed as End Of Life Products and new new 1.3-inch models were not available in this size.
^ “WD Caviar Blue: Drive Specifications (250750 GB SATA)” (PDF). Document Library. Western Digital. June 2008. p. 2. http://wdc.com/en/library/sata/2879-701277.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
^ Momentus 5400.5 SATA 3Gb/s 320-GB Hard Drive
^ “Reed Solomon Codes – Introduction”
^ Micro House PC Hardware Library Volume I: Hard Drives, Scott Mueler, Macmillan Computer Publishing
^ Waea.org, Ruggedized Disk Drives for Commercial Airborne Computer Systems
^ Barracuda 7200.10 Serial ATA Product Manual
^ IEEE.org, IEEE Trans. Magn.
^ Pugh et al.; “IBM’s 360 and Early 370 Systems”; MIT Press, 1991, pp.270
^ “Sony | For Business | VAIO SMB”. B2b.sony.com. http://b2b.sony.com/Solutions/lpage.do?page=/vaio_smb/index.html&name=VAIO SMB. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ a b c d Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz Andr Barroso (February 2007). “Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population”. 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 2007). USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies. http://labs.google.com/papers/disk_failures.html. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
^ CNet.com
^ “Everything You Know About Disks Is Wrong”. StorageMojo. February 20, 2007. http://storagemojo.com/?p=383. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
^ “Differences between an Enterprise-Class HDD and a Desktop-Class HDD”. Synology.com. 2008-09-04. http://www.synology.com/wiki/index.php/Differences_between_an_Enterprise-Class_HDD_and_a_Desktop-Class_HDD. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
^ Intel Whitepaper on Enterprise-class versus Desktop-class Hard Drives
^ Apparently the CMI disks suffered from a higher soft error rate than IBM’s other suppliers (Seagate and MiniScribe) but the bugs in Microsoft’s DOS Operating system may have turned these recovera About the Author
For over 30 years, The Original Howie Fly has been hammering record breaking salmon, trout and steelhead all over the Midwest. Featuring pulsating hand-tied skirts loaded with outstanding fish-attracting action, these flashy flies are pre-rigged with #6 beads, ultra-sharp VMC hooks and 50 lb line. Be prepared to hang on to your rod because these flies are record breakers when fished with a dodger tied 16?? to 24?? above the fly and trolled between 1 and 2.5 mph with a downrigger, dipsy, wire line, planer board or lead core line.
A miniature version of the Original Howie Fly, Howie?s Peanut Fly has been hammering record breaking salmon, trout and steelhead all over the Midwest too. Equipped with durable hand-tied flashy skirts for tremendous action, corrosion resistant rigging ring and an ultra-sharp treble hook, you should be prepared to hang on to your rod because these flies are record breakers. Effective when fished with a dodger tied 16? to 24? above the fly and trolled between 2.5 and 3.5 mph with a downrigger, dipsy, wire line, planer board or lead core line.
The Montana Fly Company (MFC) has combined their original MFC Wing Material with the innovative Ethafoam to create a more realistic looking, durable and higher-floating material called Etha-Wing. Etha-Wing is an exceptional material for creating Mayfly, Caddis, Hopper and Stonefly wings.
Scientific Anglers Fly Fishing Line Dressing Cleaning Kit easy to apply fly line dressing will stay on your line longer enabling longer more accurate casts, greater floatability for easier mends and pick-ups and will increase the line longevity. While the fly cleaning pad?s technology removes dirt and line contaminants to restore near original performance. Works great for in freshwater and saltwater. 1 oz. bottle.
100% breathable, stretchy, seamless microfiber fabric May be worn several ways Superior comfort and versatility Perfect for a wide range of sports and casual wear, the Original Buff Headwear is a textile tubular made from stretchy seamless microfiber fabric. Whether you choose to wear a super-versatile Orginal Buff as a neckerchief, scarf, headband or balaclava, these high-performing garments are perfect for combating rapid weather changes on the fly. Offering superior comfort and versatility, the Original Buff is made from 100% breathable polyester microfiber designed to quickly wick, absorb and evaporate moisture to ensure you stay cool in the summer and warm in the winter. Imported.
Mug features original artwork by Al Agnew Ceramic 28 oz. Add some art to your morning routine. This handsome, generously sized ceramic mug features original artwork by Al Agnew in full, living color. Anyone who appreciates the art of fly fishing will appreciate owning one of these mugs.
Bennett Marine Fly Fishing For Stripers . Learn The Tackle, Baits & Tactics To Catch Stripers! It is no secret that flyfishing for Stripers has been a popular and productive method for anglers fishing the Northeast Coast. Now, fishermen in reservoirs throughout the country are discovering that landlocked stripers can easily be taken using many of the same baits and techniques utilized by saltwater anglers. Captain Mack Farr’s programs are widely considered the best instructional tools available for those considering learning or enhancing their skills.
Davis Instruments Spar Fly Windvane . Bright red, high-impact plastic vane is highly visible from deck. Needle bearing provides optimum sensitivity. Unaffected by angle of heel. Spoiler holes reduce lift. Includes both a top mount and a quick-release side-mount. Weighs only 1.25oz. Spare vanes also available.
The most popular Eureka backpacking tent is lightweight, compact, stable, and provides all-important shelter when you need it. Floor and fly are constructed of 1.9-oz. nylon taffeta. Inner roof is made of 1.9-oz. permeable taffeta nylon. Imported. Features: Free-standing A-frame Quick-clips for fast, easy setup Shock-corded, seamless aluminum frame lighter than fiberglass Twin-track, side-opening door 2 large, no-see-um mesh windows Hooded fly allows windows to remain partially open in rain for air circulation 2 mesh pockets Side pullouts on fly maximize head and shoulder room Shock-corded eaves give stability and tear resistance in wind 4 clothesline rings Flashlight loop
The Battenkill Bar Stock Fly Reel is 20% lighter than the original. Why did Orvis redesign one of their best-selling reels of all time? Simple. They knew they could build it even better. The Battenkill Bar Stock owes its success to a machined bar stock 6262-T6 aircraft-grade aluminum casing that provides years of precision and performance. The entire reel was built around an infinitely adjustable Rulon offset disc drag mechanism recognized for its dependability. Each reel also features stainless steel gearing that is durable and virtually maintenance free allowing for easy switching from right to left hand operation. They’re saltwater proof thanks to the black titanium finish which is anodized for extreme durability. Color: Titanium. Features: 20% lighter than legendary original Battenkill reels Machined from bar stock 6262-T6 aircraft-grade aluminum for durability and low weight Titanium finishes are more durable than the painted finish on die-cast reels Stainless steel gearing is durable and virtually maintenance-free Adjustable Rulon offset disc drag mechanism Easy switching from right-hand to left-hand operation
Helly Hansen Men’s Lifa Dry Fly Underwear Black Xxl . The classic HH Dry bottom designed for comfort during high aerobic activities no matter how hard you work or play. The Fly Pant features Lifa Stay Dry Technology to move moisture away from the skin while flat lock stitching and low bulk cuffs enhance comfort during any sport, all year long.
Helly Hansen Men’s Lifa Dry Fly Underwear Black Xl . The classic HH Dry bottom designed for comfort during high aerobic activities no matter how hard you work or play. The Fly Pant features Lifa Stay Dry Technology to move moisture away from the skin while flat lock stitching and low bulk cuffs enhance comfort during any sport, all year long.
Helly Hansen Men’s Lifa Dry Fly Underwear Black . The classic HH Dry bottom designed for comfort during high aerobic activities no matter how hard you work or play. The Fly Pant features Lifa Stay Dry Technology to move moisture away from the skin while flat lock stitching and low bulk cuffs enhance comfort during any sport, all year long.
Plano?s Fly Logic Fly Boxes feature high-density closed cell foam to keep flies organized, safe and easy to find. The ergonomically-designed Fly Logic Fly Boxes offer durable construction, secure latch and a clear top. The small Fly Logic Fly Box (model 3582) is ideal for nymphs, midges, dries and other small fly patterns. The medium Fly Logic Fly Box (model 3583) is great for larger flies such as poppers, bass bugs and streamers. The large Fly Logic Fly Box (model 3584) will accommodate your large salmon, steelhead, bass and saltwater streamer patterns.
World Reknown, Hal of Famer Fly-Fisherman Hal Janssen, shares his successful fly fishing techniques.as well as his personal fly patterns. He shows you how to tie them. and how to fish with them on the stream….
World Reknown, Hall of Famer, fly-fisherman Hal Janssen shares his successful on stream techniques as well as demonstrating how to tie his personal fly patterns….
World Reknown, Hall of Famer,Fly-Fisherman Hal Janssen shares his successful techniques as well as personal fly patterns. He will show you how to tie the flies and how to properly use them for your success….
Freshwater Angler ’s ”Fishing for Catfish: The Complete Guide for Catching Big Channels, Blues, and Flatheads” is a comprehensive look at the world of catfish. Author Keith Sutton begins with the biology of catfish, then follows with where-to and how-to information that will lead to successful fishing. Beyond locating fish and rig/tackle techniques, there’s even a section on cleaning and cooking your catfish. Over 250 photos and illustrations. Softcover. 128 pages. Subjects covered include: Understanding catfish: basic catfish behavior and the various types of catfish Where to find catfish: typical catfish habitats, rivers, lakes and ponds Equipment: rods, reels, line, terminal tackle, and bait Catfish techniques: still-fishing, drift-fishing, trotlining, jug fishing, limblining, and noodling Special situations: thick cover, various water types, and trophy cats Cleaning and cooking catfish ISBN-13: 978-0865730793.
Fishing Hot Spots Lake Erie, Western Basin, Chart . Lake Erie is the 4th largest of the 5 Great Lakes and the 12th largest freshwater lake in the world. The fishing is changing, but the Western Basin is still regarded by many as the best and most productive walleye and smallmouth bass fishery in North America. Nearly 27,000,000 walleye are available to anglers each year! Featured Species: Walleye, Smallmouth Bass, White Bass, White Perch, Freshwater Drum and Catfish Map Features Lake Profile Fishery Information Fishing Tips and Techniques GPS Information 24 Accesses with Driving Directions 56 Proven Fishing Areas Marked
Whether you’re fishing miles from home or in your backyard, this handy How to Catch ”EM” Waterproof Chart is loaded with useful tips that are sure to make your next fishing trip a success. From most effective species-catching methods to how they rate on your plate, this laminated fishing resource is too valuable to leave behind. The How to Catch ”EM” Chart – #4 includes information about the following freshwater species: hickory shad, muskellunge, walleye, white crappie, rainbow trout, yellow perch, brown brook trout, brook trout, tiger muskie, clear muskie, bluegill, Atlantic salmon, barred muskie, Atlantic sturgeon, trout, rock bass, northern pike, sea run brown trout, green sunfish, white bass, tiger trout, yellow bass, chain pickerel and lake pike.
Navionics Platinum+ Charts, Canada And Alaska (cf) South Alaska, Cf/915p 2 . Platinum Charts; the saltwater marine charts for coastal areas, plus the Great LakesEnhance your situational awareness with these feature-rich NOAA-based charts: 3D views, photo/chart overlay and panoramic photos of ports and marinas, plus FREE Fish N Chip high-definition fishing detail. Available in Navionics XL3-size coverage areas on 2GB pre-programmed CF (CompactFlash) and SD (SecureDigital) media cards that are packed with data and ready to use. Compatible with new Humminbird, Lowrance, Northstar and Raymarine chartplotters.
Penn Fishing Tackle Silverado Combos 98460 Combo, 6′ . Inshore Freshwater Spinning; Target Species: Perch and other freshwater game fish. Penn Silverado reels matched to Slammer (or Pursuit on Model 9439522) rods for a great looking and feeling combo. With silky smooth gears and drags, these combos are a great value. The Silverado reel paired with Penn s Pursuit Inshore Rod offers an incredible combo for inshore and heavy freshwater fishing. Medium action
Penn Fishing Tackle Silverado Combos 98670 Combo, 7′ . Inshore Freshwater Spinning; Target Species: Perch and other freshwater game fish. Penn Silverado reels matched to Slammer (or Pursuit on Model 9439522) rods for a great looking and feeling combo. With silky smooth gears and drags, these combos are a great value. The Silverado reel paired with Penn s Pursuit Inshore Rod offers an incredible combo for inshore and heavy freshwater fishing. Medium action
Penn Fishing Tackle Silverado Combos 98681 Combo, 8′ . Inshore Freshwater Spinning; Target Species: Perch and other freshwater game fish. Penn Silverado reels matched to Slammer (or Pursuit on Model 9439522) rods for a great looking and feeling combo. With silky smooth gears and drags, these combos are a great value. The Silverado reel paired with Penn s Pursuit Inshore Rod offers an incredible combo for inshore and heavy freshwater fishing. Medium action
Kl Industries Sportsman Fishing Boat . An excellent alternative for the freshwater angler who doesn t want to put up with trailering his ride to those secluded fishing holes. Easily fits into a truck bed or van for easy transportation, and durable carrying handles make it a cinch to move. It s prewired for an electric trolling motor and includes built-in rear and front motor mounts for trolling versatility. Rugged UV-stabilized Fortiflex High Density Polyethylene deck and hull will hold up for years of adventure, and won t fade with prolonged use in the sun. Adjustable, removable swivel seats have durable supports and provide excellent comfort, while recessed drink and tackle holders offer further convenience. Application: Freshwater fishing boat Hull Material: High-density polyethylene Construction: Thermoformed 2-piece hull and deck Hull Shape: Modified tri-hull Length: 8-1/2′ Boat Beam: 4′ Weight: 100lb. Capacity: 550lb. Maximum HP: 3 Standard Hardware: Molded in carry handles Available Accessories: Outboard or trolling motor Warranty: One year Color: Gray
Shakespeare Fishing 7ft Pflueger Combo . Style: Inshore Salt/Freshwater Spinning; Target Species: Perch, mackerel, small game fish under 20lb. Strong and sensitive spinning combos feature a Front Drag reel with six ball bearings and a one way clutch in a seven ball bearing design. Six-disc drag system with stainless steel and oiled felt washers give this reel a silky smooth action. The Pflueger rod has a blank-through-handle construction that provides plenty of power and feel. Made of IM-8 graphite with top grade cork front and rear grips. Features stainless steel guides with aluminum oxide inserts Style: Inshore Salt/Freshwater Target Species: Perch, Mackerel, small game fish Reel Type: 4735GX Rod Type: IM-8
Penn Fishing Tackle Combo 440ssg, 220/10lb., Medium . Spinning; Target Species: Small game fish. Whether fishing light tackle, freshwater or on the open blue water these combos are a favorite choice for anglers in all reaches and locations due to their reliability and balance. Matching the performance and durability of Penn s lightweight Slammer graphite spinning rods with the silky-smooth operation and rugged drag strength of the Spinfisher spinning reel, these combos are a great match for the serious angler.
Penn Fishing Tackle Combo 5500ss/0870, 207/12lb., Heavy . Spinning; Target Species: Small game fish. Whether fishing light tackle, freshwater or on the open blue water these combos are a favorite choice for anglers in all reaches and locations due to their reliability and balance. Matching the performance and durability of Penn s lightweight Slammer graphite spinning rods with the silky-smooth operation and rugged drag strength of the Spinfisher spinning reel, these combos are a great match for the serious angler.
Pure Fishing Combo 450ssg, 220/12lb., Heavy . Spinning; Target Species: Small game fish. Whether fishing light tackle, freshwater or on the open blue water these combos are a favorite choice for anglers in all reaches and locations due to their reliability and balance. Matching the performance and durability of Penn s lightweight Slammer graphite spinning rods with the silky-smooth operation and rugged drag strength of the Spinfisher spinning reel, these combos are a great match for the serious angler.
This How to Catch ”EM” Chart offers detailed information about the best tactics to use and where to catch some of the most popular freshwater species. This easy-to-chart is laminated for longevity. Featured species: sunshine bass, spotted bass, spotted sunfish, warmouth, largemouth bass, dlier, eedear sunfish, black crappie, oscar, redbrested sunfish, bluegill, shad, suwannee bass, butterfly peacock bass, redeye bass, striped bass, brown head catfish, smallmouth bass, bowfin, redfin pickerel.
Navionics Platinum+ Charts Canada And Alaska (micro Sd) South Alaska, Msd/915p 2 . Navionics Platinum+ Charts, the most advanced multidimensional charts available, build on our Gold charts to expand and enhance your navigational experience with 3D view, high-resolution top-down photo/chart overlay, full-view XGA panoramic pictures, FREE high-definition fishing detail included on the Platinum+ chip, complete geo-referenced coast pilots and more. Ready to plug-and-play with Platinum+ compatible Humminbird, Lowrance, Northstar, Raymarine and Simrad plotters. Visit navionics.com for compatibility and more coverage details.
Penn Fishing Tackle Combo 550ssg, 270/12lb., Medium/heavy . Spinning; Target Species: Small game fish. Whether fishing light tackle, freshwater or on the open blue water these combos are a favorite choice for anglers in all reaches and locations due to their reliability and balance. Matching the performance and durability of Penn s lightweight Slammer graphite spinning rods with the silky-smooth operation and rugged drag strength of the Spinfisher spinning reel, these combos are a great match for the serious angler.
The waterproof How to Catch ‘Em Fishing Chart is a useful tool for every freshwater catfish fisherman. Providing catfishers with detailed, easy-to-follow illustrations covering everything from how-to tactics for all freshwater catfish species and freshwater live bait fishing to basic and advanced knot tying/splicing, this chart is an invaluable resource that will help you catch bigger catfish.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak (no Engraving) . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Navionics Platinum+ Charts, Canada And Alaska (cf) Vancouver Island, Cf/913p+ . Platinum Charts; the saltwater marine charts for coastal areas, plus the Great LakesEnhance your situational awareness with these feature-rich NOAA-based charts: 3D views, photo/chart overlay and panoramic photos of ports and marinas, plus FREE Fish N Chip high-definition fishing detail. Available in Navionics XL3-size coverage areas on 2GB pre-programmed CF (CompactFlash) and SD (SecureDigital) media cards that are packed with data and ready to use. Compatible with new Humminbird, Lowrance, Northstar and Raymarine chartplotters.
Navionics Platinum+ Charts, Canada And Alaska (cf) Caribbean, Cf/908p 2 . Platinum Charts; the saltwater marine charts for coastal areas, plus the Great LakesEnhance your situational awareness with these feature-rich NOAA-based charts: 3D views, photo/chart overlay and panoramic photos of ports and marinas, plus FREE Fish N Chip high-definition fishing detail. Available in Navionics XL3-size coverage areas on 2GB pre-programmed CF (CompactFlash) and SD (SecureDigital) media cards that are packed with data and ready to use. Compatible with new Humminbird, Lowrance, Northstar and Raymarine chartplotters.
Navionics Platinum+ Charts, Canada And Alaska (cf) Nw Aleutians, Cf/916p 2 . Platinum Charts; the saltwater marine charts for coastal areas, plus the Great LakesEnhance your situational awareness with these feature-rich NOAA-based charts: 3D views, photo/chart overlay and panoramic photos of ports and marinas, plus FREE Fish N Chip high-definition fishing detail. Available in Navionics XL3-size coverage areas on 2GB pre-programmed CF (CompactFlash) and SD (SecureDigital) media cards that are packed with data and ready to use. Compatible with new Humminbird, Lowrance, Northstar and Raymarine chartplotters.
Navionics Platinum+ Charts Canada And Alaska (micro Sd) Vancouver Island, Msd/913p+ . Navionics Platinum+ Charts, the most advanced multidimensional charts available, build on our Gold charts to expand and enhance your navigational experience with 3D view, high-resolution top-down photo/chart overlay, full-view XGA panoramic pictures, FREE high-definition fishing detail included on the Platinum+ chip, complete geo-referenced coast pilots and more. Ready to plug-and-play with Platinum+ compatible Humminbird, Lowrance, Northstar, Raymarine and Simrad plotters. Visit navionics.com for compatibility and more coverage details.
Authored by Shaun Morey and Jared Lee, Incredible Fishing Stories features 80 unpredictable and exciting stories. You’ll read about a man’s grueling 37-hour fight with a Pacific salmon, the fellow who speared by hand and landed a 1,600-pound hammerhead shark, the 81-year old fisherman who finally fulfilled his 20-year quest to catch all 40 species of North American trout and much more. Author and fanatical fisherman Shaun Morey traveled from Alaska to Australia, Mexico, and the Caribbean to interview anglers, boat captains, guides and witnesses; to dig up photographs and to confirm each tale.
Penn Fishing Tackle Combo Spinning 7500ss/1712, 15 30lb., 7′, Medium/heavy . Spinning; Target Species: Small game fish. Whether fishing light tackle, freshwater or on the open blue water these combos are a favorite choice for anglers in all reaches and locations due to their reliability and balance. Matching the performance and durability of Penn s lightweight Slammer graphite spinning rods with the silky-smooth operation and rugged drag strength of the Spinfisher spinning reel, these combos are a great match for the serious angler.
Penn Fishing Tackle Sargus Spinning Combos 93067 Sg3000/sl612s70, Medium, 145/8lb. . Inshore Salt/Freshwater Spinning; Target Species: Small game fish under 20lb. Durable spinning combos combine the lightweight toughness of Penn s all-metal Sargus reels with the casting performance and sensitivity of the Slammer graphite spinning rods. Rugged, durable rods feature solid tips and hollow blanks for excellent lightweight action, and EVA foam grips for comfort. Corrosion-resistant reels Strong, aluminum alloy frames, covers and rotors, Stainless steel main shafts
Penn Fishing Tackle Sargus Spinning Combos 92066 Sg2000/sl612s66, Medium, 115/6lb. . Inshore Salt/Freshwater Spinning; Target Species: Small game fish under 20lb. Durable spinning combos combine the lightweight toughness of Penn s all-metal Sargus reels with the casting performance and sensitivity of the Slammer graphite spinning rods. Rugged, durable rods feature solid tips and hollow blanks for excellent lightweight action, and EVA foam grips for comfort. Corrosion-resistant reels Strong, aluminum alloy frames, covers and rotors, Stainless steel main shafts
Penn Fishing Tackle Combo Sg7000/sl1530s70, Medium Heavy, 230/17lb. . Inshore Salt/Freshwater Spinning; Target Species: Small game fish under 20lb. Durable spinning combos combine the lightweight toughness of Penn s all-metal Sargus reels with the casting performance and sensitivity of the Slammer graphite spinning rods. Rugged, durable rods feature solid tips and hollow blanks for excellent lightweight action, and EVA foam grips for comfort. Corrosion-resistant reels Strong, aluminum alloy frames, covers and rotors, Stainless steel main shafts
Penn Fishing Tackle Sargus Spinning Combos 94070 Sg4000/sl817s70, Medium. 195/10lb. . Inshore Salt/Freshwater Spinning; Target Species: Small game fish under 20lb. Durable spinning combos combine the lightweight toughness of Penn s all-metal Sargus reels with the casting performance and sensitivity of the Slammer graphite spinning rods. Rugged, durable rods feature solid tips and hollow blanks for excellent lightweight action, and EVA foam grips for comfort. Corrosion-resistant reels Strong, aluminum alloy frames, covers and rotors, Stainless steel main shafts
Seaguar? AbrazX? Fluorocarbon Fishing Line is made with Level Wind Technology?, Seaguar?s exclusive design process that spools the line by laying it down on its side, never crossing for super smoothness without any line overstress or twist. Ideal for freshwater spinning and baitcasting. 100% fluorocarbon line has unparalleled abrasion resistance and is virtually invisible underwater.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Redfish/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Sailfish/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Dolphin/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Striper/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Grouper/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Blue Marlin/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Mackerel/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Tarpon/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Sea Trout/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Brown Trout/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Salmon/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
Taco Products Custom Engraved Fishing Rack Oak Rack, Bonefish/name . This gift will show-off their fishing rods with the option of a personalized touch. Made of premium quality wood with oak satin finish, this rack stores up to 24 rods with locking casters for easy mobility and secure storage. 24.5″L x 11.5″W x 32.5″H Engraved Fish, Name or Fish & Name Over 20 Different Saltwater & Freshwater FishNote: Non-engraved rack usually ships within 5 to 8 days. Order engraving by December 16 to ensure delivery by December 24.
For anyone in North America (and elsewhere) who is hooked on fly-fishing and pursues it past the initial stages of tangled lines, spontaneous river dunkings, and emptied bank accounts, there is one goal that dangles with a tantalizing glimmer just out of reach–the golden ring that spurs anglers on to perfect a variety of tricky casts, study entomological texts deep into the night, and wade t…
The best book for North America’s best trout region  The Pacific Northwest is a hotbed of freshwater angling activity with approximately 50% of the resident population wetting a line each year. This is also a popular destination area for fly anglers from around the world who come to experience unsurpassed trout fishing.  This book reveals specific strategies and locations for the best fishing…
There’s nothing like a salmon plucked fresh from the waters of the Pacific Northwest. But this precious fish is more than a foodstuff, more than a commodity, says Natalie Fobes. “It is a theme that cascades relentlessly through [the] spirits” of Native Americans, Russians, Japanese, fishermen, biologists, and salmon farmers, an enigmatic creature that has shaped the culture of the Pacific Ri…
Cast Your Reel For Northern Pike on an Alaska Vacation
Sport fishing has been steeped in popularity for decades. It’s a common assumption when one refers to sport fishing that they are always thinking about marlin, sailfish, or swordfish, a.k.a. the saltwater varieties of trophy-sized fish. However, you are definitely missing the boat (no pun intended) if you think all the excitement is reserved exclusively for ocean fishing. There is much excitement to be had with a freshwater fishing vacation – especially if you journey to Alaska in search of the Northern Pike.
Northern Pike are found to be fairly common in certain areas of the United States, namely in the northern and Midwest states as well as some of the Rocky Mountain areas. However, no where are they more prolific and trophy-sized than what you can find by journeying out into some of the more remote waterways of Alaska.
The Northern Pike fisheries of Alaska can be found anywhere in Alaska’s interior and on out to the Eastern Kenai Peninsula. What you have to be aware of the most is how the climate (or the weather, if you prefer) affects the cycles of the individual regions in Alaska. Climate and weather influences are key factors when it comes to the success (or failure) of a fishing excursion in this state, so keep that in mind when it comes time to plan the trip.
Alaska has been broken up into nine regions where sport fishing is concerned, in the following manner:
1.Anchorage and Matsu Valley
2.Arctic, Yukon, and Kuskokwim
3.Bristol Bay and Kodiak
4.Kenai Peninsula
5.Northern Southeast
6.Prince William Sound
7.Southern Southeast
8.Susitna Valley
9.Tanana Region
Each of these regions offers a diversity of fishing, as well as some of the more unique and indigenous Alaskan varieties. However, the fly fishing opportunities are abundant, no matter what area you decide to visit. The northern interior and the arctic regions tend to be very primitive areas, while the Tanana Region lies in the heart of Alaska. The Northern Southeast region is rich in history dating back to the Klondike days, but also presents a choice of both freshwater and saltwater fishing opportunities. If it’s a variety of challenging fishing that tempts you, then the Kenai Peninsula is definitely the place to break out the rod and tackle.
No matter where you venture out into Alaska, you will find a diverse range of excursions to award you with excellent Northern Pike fishing. Fly fishing tournaments can be found in a variety of areas year round in Alaska. If Northern Pike is your target, then by all means, you’ll definitely enjoy your Alaska vacation. Trophy Northern Pike excursions can be found by doing a little research, but your due diligence will more than likely pay off.
Look to the Internet when you begin your search. There are many websites offering information on the subject. Make sure to allow plenty of time for the planning stage. Private guides and fishing excursions for Northern Pike tend to fill up rather quickly, so the sooner you book your reservation, the better.
About the Author
Real Adventures is meant to give travelers immediate access to reviews and unbiased opinions on Alaska vacations
. This service has been incredibly popular, especially for those seeking to find the best value on Alaska cruises
.
Going Coastal – Episode 2 – Part 1 at Cove Lodge in Elfin Cove, Alaska
New England Ropes Finish Line By The Spool 4mm Line, 50′ Spool, 850lb. Breaking Strength, Gray . A great line for dinghy outhauls, vang systems, cunninghams, hiking strap lines, centerboard lines, topping lifts and halyardsSuper-strong prestretch doublebraid is made from a high-tenacity tension-set polyester with an 8-strand “nubby” cover and a continuous filament parallel core. This results in a low-stretch, durable line that is flexible, kind to the hands and easy to knot. Excellent for all-purpose control lines on dinghies and small catamarans. It’s the highest-strength small diameter line at an affordable price. Best Use: Dinghy control lines Construction: Double braid with parallel core Cover Fiber/Construction: Polyester braid Core Fiber/Construction: Polyester, continuous filament parallel core Stretch: 1.8% at 15% of breaking strength
New England Ropes Finish Line By The Spool 4mm Line, 50′ Spool, 850lb. Breaking Strength, White . A great line for dinghy outhauls, vang systems, cunninghams, hiking strap lines, centerboard lines, topping lifts and halyardsSuper-strong prestretch doublebraid is made from a high-tenacity tension-set polyester with an 8-strand “nubby” cover and a continuous filament parallel core. This results in a low-stretch, durable line that is flexible, kind to the hands and easy to knot. Excellent for all-purpose control lines on dinghies and small catamarans. It’s the highest-strength small diameter line at an affordable price. Best Use: Dinghy control lines Construction: Double braid with parallel core Cover Fiber/Construction: Polyester braid Core Fiber/Construction: Polyester, continuous filament parallel core Stretch: 1.8% at 15% of breaking strength
New England Ropes Finish Line By The Spool 3mm Line, 75′ Spool, 650lb. Breaking Strength, White . A great line for dinghy outhauls, vang systems, cunninghams, hiking strap lines, centerboard lines, topping lifts and halyardsSuper-strong prestretch doublebraid is made from a high-tenacity tension-set polyester with an 8-strand “nubby” cover and a continuous filament parallel core. This results in a low-stretch, durable line that is flexible, kind to the hands and easy to knot. Excellent for all-purpose control lines on dinghies and small catamarans. It’s the highest-strength small diameter line at an affordable price. Best Use: Dinghy control lines Construction: Double braid with parallel core Cover Fiber/Construction: Polyester braid Core Fiber/Construction: Polyester, continuous filament parallel core Stretch: 1.8% at 15% of breaking strength
New England Ropes Finish Line By The Spool 3mm Line, 75′ Spool, 650lb. Breaking Strength, Red . A great line for dinghy outhauls, vang systems, cunninghams, hiking strap lines, centerboard lines, topping lifts and halyardsSuper-strong prestretch doublebraid is made from a high-tenacity tension-set polyester with an 8-strand “nubby” cover and a continuous filament parallel core. This results in a low-stretch, durable line that is flexible, kind to the hands and easy to knot. Excellent for all-purpose control lines on dinghies and small catamarans. It’s the highest-strength small diameter line at an affordable price. Best Use: Dinghy control lines Construction: Double braid with parallel core Cover Fiber/Construction: Polyester braid Core Fiber/Construction: Polyester, continuous filament parallel core Stretch: 1.8% at 15% of breaking strength
West Marine Rope/chain Anchor Rode Packages For Windlasses Package, 15′ Length, 5/16″ Dia., 150′ Line 9/16″ . Now you can get a rode package customized for the rope/chain gypsy on your windlass without the customized price! Packages include Acco High-Test chain and West Marine’s Premium Three-Strand Anchor Line, joined with a strong, low-profile rope-to-chain splice. Our tests show that a proper rope-to-chain splice retains about 95% of the strength of the unspliced line, so you can feel comfortable using a splice instead of a shackle, as long as you check the splice regularly for chafe.
West Marine Rope/chain Anchor Rode Packages For Windlasses Package, 15′ Length, 1/4″ Dia., 150′ Line 1/2″ . Now you can get a rode package customized for the rope/chain gypsy on your windlass without the customized price! Packages include Acco High-Test chain and West Marine’s Premium Three-Strand Anchor Line, joined with a strong, low-profile rope-to-chain splice. Our tests show that a proper rope-to-chain splice retains about 95% of the strength of the unspliced line, so you can feel comfortable using a splice instead of a shackle, as long as you check the splice regularly for chafe.
West Marine Rope/chain Anchor Rode Packages For Windlasses Package, 20′ Length, 1/4″ Dia., 200′ Line 1/2″ . Now you can get a rode package customized for the rope/chain gypsy on your windlass without the customized price! Packages include Acco High-Test chain and West Marine’s Premium Three-Strand Anchor Line, joined with a strong, low-profile rope-to-chain splice. Our tests show that a proper rope-to-chain splice retains about 95% of the strength of the unspliced line, so you can feel comfortable using a splice instead of a shackle, as long as you check the splice regularly for chafe.
West Marine Rope/chain Anchor Rode Packages For Windlasses Package, 20′ Length, 5/16″ Dia., 200′ Line 9/16″ . Now you can get a rode package customized for the rope/chain gypsy on your windlass without the customized price! Packages include Acco High-Test chain and West Marine’s Premium Three-Strand Anchor Line, joined with a strong, low-profile rope-to-chain splice. Our tests show that a proper rope-to-chain splice retains about 95% of the strength of the unspliced line, so you can feel comfortable using a splice instead of a shackle, as long as you check the splice regularly for chafe.
White River Fly Shop’s CV2 Fly Line is the ideal all-purpose line for performance-oriented fly fishers at an unbelievably low price. Offering superb casting qualities and shootability, our CV2 Fly Line mends well, floats high, picks up smoothly and is abrasion resistant. Color: Light Green. Length: 90′.
One of the most popular trolling reels of all time, Penn’s dependable Level Wind Reel with Line Counter is ready for a fight. Built lightweight and durable, this Penn Reel’s extremely accurate line counter makes finding the strike zone quick and easy. With a price that can not be beat and power to spare, this Penn Level Wind Reel is perfect for stripers, salmon and other hard-charging gamefish. Features: Lightweight composite side plates Precision-machined stainless steel pinions Counter-balance handle with oversized paddle knob Brass main gear Accurate line counter Stainless steel level wind Line recovery in inches per handle turn.
Straight Line 78′ Viper Wake Line, Red/black . A linear braided non-stretch core for maximum strength and Straight Line s Spectra fusion outer shell for one of the slickest feels on the water. 78′ Non-stretch Spectra
Pure Fishing Trilene Xt Monofilament Line Line, 12# . Whether using this line as a leader, mainline or hooklength it’s one of the strongest lines available. 330 yards
Pure Fishing Trilene Xt Monofilament Line Line, 14# . Whether using this line as a leader, mainline or hooklength it’s one of the strongest lines available. 330 yards
Taylor Line Hanger & Organizer . Organize your lines and keep them ready for use. Simply snap one end around the coil of line and snap the other around a rail, lifeline, etc. Each.
Berkley Line Spool Station . This portable station sets up quickly and is easy to operate. Includes line stripper and built-in cutter Suitable for spinning, baitcasting and flyfishing reels
Straight Line Hayward Handle With 75′ Coated Static . Whether you re an intermediate rider perfecting your tricks or a beginner just starting out, you ll appreciate how the soft, flexible coating added to this super-strong polyethylene line reduces drag, letting the line run more smoothly through your hand. Application: Wakeboarding Line Material: Polyethylene blend Line Length: 75′ Handle Style: Sticky When Wet Hydra-Tak
Po Spectra Fishing Line Line, 50lb. Class, 150yd. Length, Yellow . Ultra-strong braided Spectra Fiber, treated with Enhanced Body Technology, creates an incredibly round, smooth and sensitive line that’s every angler’s dream and every fish’s nightmare!
Taco Products Outrigger Line Caddy . Keep lines orderly with a clamp-on caddyNow an easy way to manage outrigger lines while on board. With TACO s new clamp-on Outrigger Line Caddy, anglers have an easy way to store line while outriggers are rigged and in the retracted position. By simply clamping the pair of outrigger line caddy ears onto the outrigger pole at the desired distance, the excess rigging line is wrapped around the outrigger caddy ears to keep lines neat and orderly. Sold in pairs Fits standard 8′,12′,15′,18′ (1-1/8 and 1-1/2 ) outriggers
Henry S Hybrid Line Smoke Purple Line, 15lb. Class . An affordable and revolutionary line that is stronger more abrasion resistant, sensitive and durable than any other nylon lines on the market. Extruded in an exclusive process that molecularly bonds nylon and fluorocarbon. The result is a strong, dense new material takes advantage of the awesome abrasion resistance and sensitivity of fluorocarbon, while retaining the flexibility and stretch of nylon. Low-Vis Clear or Smoke Purple. 275yd. spool.
G.b.s. Distribution, Hybrid Line Low Vis Clear Line, 20lb. Class . An affordable and revolutionary line that is stronger more abrasion resistant, sensitive and durable than any other nylon lines on the market. Extruded in an exclusive process that molecularly bonds nylon and fluorocarbon. The result is a strong, dense new material takes advantage of the awesome abrasion resistance and sensitivity of fluorocarbon, while retaining the flexibility and stretch of nylon. Low-Vis Clear or Smoke Purple. 275yd. spool.
Maurice Sporting Goo Hybrid Line Smoke Purple Line, 20lb. Class . An affordable and revolutionary line that is stronger more abrasion resistant, sensitive and durable than any other nylon lines on the market. Extruded in an exclusive process that molecularly bonds nylon and fluorocarbon. The result is a strong, dense new material takes advantage of the awesome abrasion resistance and sensitivity of fluorocarbon, while retaining the flexibility and stretch of nylon. Low-Vis Clear or Smoke Purple. 275yd. spool.
G.b.s. Distribution, Hybrid Line Low Vis Clear Line, 12lb. Class . An affordable and revolutionary line that is stronger more abrasion resistant, sensitive and durable than any other nylon lines on the market. Extruded in an exclusive process that molecularly bonds nylon and fluorocarbon. The result is a strong, dense new material takes advantage of the awesome abrasion resistance and sensitivity of fluorocarbon, while retaining the flexibility and stretch of nylon. Low-Vis Clear or Smoke Purple. 275yd. spool.
Calcutta Braided Line Cutting Tool . Compact and powerful this 5 3/4″ tool is guaranteed to cut braided fishing line up to 130lb. test. Features serrated stainless steel blades, a corrosion-resistant coating and spring-loaded handles with lock guard.
Marine Sports Flags And Floats Line . Rugged Nylon Flags and Floats Tough construction for years of hard use! A. Dive Flag Nylon Boat Legal – 20″ x 24″ with wire stiffener B. Float Line – 40′ of bright yellow floating line on holder C. Flag Alpha with wire stiffener – 14″ x 19″ D. Two-Piece Breakdown Float & Nylon Flag with wire – 12″ x 15″
Berkley High Speed Line Stripper . Strips more than 350 yards of line in just 51 seconds, making respooling your reel faster and easier! Handles line more then 400lb. test up to .1″ in diameter. Powered by four D-cell batteries (sold separately) and operates at the push of a button. 8 1/4″L. 13oz.
Straight Line Hawthorne Handle With Team 85′ Main . The Anti Roll Interchangeable (A.R.I) system is specifically designed to provide a more solid, responsive feel than traditional rope and tubing handles. Anti Roll arms increase both vertical and lateral response while riding. Short loop system allows for adding a T or V wrap handle at any time. Interchangeable bar system lets you customize your handle s look and feel. Perfect for all levels. Application: Wakeboarding Line Material: Coated Dyneema Line Length: 85′ Handle Style: Anti-roll, interchangeable
No Line on the Horizon is the twelfth studio album by Irish rock band U2, released on 27 February 2009. The album is U2’s first since 2004’s How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb, the longest gap between studio albums in the band’s career. The material was originally intended to be released as two EPs, titled Daylight and Darkness, but the band later decided to combine them into one album….
Two musicians decide to start a rock band but first set out to find a magical guitar pick….
Forex Price Movement – How and Why Prices Really Move and How to Win
Forex price movement is misunderstood by most traders. Prices don’t move in line with the news and they don’t move to some mystical recurring scientific theory either. You can win but understand the key reason prices move or lose…
Here is a simple equation for forex price movement.
Fundamental Supply and Demand inputs + Investor Perception = Price.
Simple enough but most traders fail to see the significance of the above which is:
- The news and facts are un-important its how traders perceive them as a whole that is.
- Humans are emotional so you cannot predict what they will do.
Those traders who think they can trade breaking news are wrong and they don’t understand the markets discount news instantly furthermore, we all have the same facts to see but we all draw different conclusions from them.
How Markets Really Move
As humans are emotional, there is no way of predicting forex prices in advance or some mystical scientific theory they move to which the far out investment crowd love with their Fibonacci, Gann and Elliot Wave based systems.
If you want to trade forex, you need to see it as an odds game and play the odds when there in your favour, run your profits and cut your losses. Sure, human nature means you cannot predict exactly what will happen next – but human nature is constant and we are all governed by greed and fear and this means you get hig odds formations which can be traded for profit.
Keep It Simple and Trade the Odds for Success!
All you need to do is – use a simple odds based forex trading strategy and have good money management and you can win.
Today traders make forex price movement much more complicated than it really is, traders try and apply ever more complex formulas and software to try and crack the code behind forex price movement but it’s all in vain – there isn’t one!
Complex Systems and Maths are NOT the Answer
This is proven by the fact that 50 years ago 95% of traders lost and the same ratio lose today; showing that advances in technology have not helped at all.
This leads to the obvious conclusion that forex trading success is not dependant on being clever, complex or the application of maths and of course this is true – its NOT and the fact we have just given you, clearly shows this.
How to Enjoy Success
Forex trading success is simply based upon a combination of a simple, robust forex trading strategy, with good money management which you can apply with discipline. Forex trading is an odds based market and if you learn to trade the odds, you can make a lot of money and enjoy currency trading success.
